
Class. 
Book. 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



tr^-* 



No. 8. 



PAPERS 



PRACTICAL ENGINEERING, 



PUBLISHED BY THE ENGINEER DEPARTMENT. 



FOR THE USE OF THE 



OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 



PAPERS ON PRACTICAL ENGINEERING. 



No. 8. 



OFFICIAL REPORT 

TO THE 

UNITED STATES ENGINEER DEPARTMENT, 

OP THE 

SIEGE AND REDUCTION 

OF 

FOET PULASKI, 

G-EOPIG-IA, 

FEBRUARY, MARCH, AND APRIL, 1862. 



By Brig.-Gek Q. A. GILLMOKE, U. S. Vols., 

Captain of Engineees U. S. A.. 



ILLUSTRATED BY MAPS AND ENGRAVED VIEWS. 



NEW YORK: 
D. VAN" NOSTKAKD, 192 BROADWAY. 

1862. 



■¥ 



■tj 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in tlie year 1862, 

BY D. VAN NOSTRAKD, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
Southern District of New York. 



C. A. AI.VOBD, STKREOTYI'KP. AND I'KINTKK. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE. 

General Gillmore's Report To General Totten T 

Appendix A 55 

Letter from Captain Gillmore, Chief Engineer Expeditionary Corps, to 
eral T. W. Sherman commanding Expeditionary Corps. 

Appendix B 56 

Letter from Captain Gillmore to General Sherman. 

Appendix C 57 

Assignment of Officers to the different Batteries. 

Appendix D 59 

Report of Lieut. Horace Torter, Ordnance Department, to General 

Gillmore. 

Tabular statement of the Firing of the several Batteries at the Siege of 

Fort Pulaski 70 

Appendix E 81 

Report of Lieut. T. B. Brooks, New York Volunteer Engineers, to 
General Gillmore. 

Appendix F 95 

Rifle Projectiles. 



GENERAL GILLMORE'S REPORT 



TO 



GEK TOTTEI^, CHIEF El^^GII^EEE U. S. A. 



Head Qtjaetees U. S. Foeces, ^ 

Ttbee and Cockspur Islands, Ga., April SOth, 1862. ^ 

Sie: 

I HAVE the lionor to submit the following report of 
operations connected with the siege of Fort Pulaski, 
which resulted in its capitulation to the United States 
forces on the 11th inst. 

1. This success so fully demonstrates the power and 
effectiveness of rilled cannon, for breaching at long dis- 
tances, — at distances indeed hitherto untried, and consid- 
ered altogether impracticable, thus opening a new era in 
the use of this most valuable, and comparatively un- 
knoAvn arm of service, — has been obtained with such sin- 
gularly strict adherence to the details of the project, as 
originally conceived in December last, and has withal, 
in the developed results, such an important bearing 
upon the character of our harbor and frontier defences, 
that I feel called upon to enter into some details. 



2. The transfer to another field of labor of Brigadier- 



8 GKN. GILLMORK's KEPOKT. 

General T. W. Sherman, lately in command of the forces 
on this coast, — under whose auspices the project for the 
reduction of Fort Pulaski was pushed forward to with- 
in a few days of its final accomplishment, — renders it 
proper that this report should refer to the preliminary 
operations directly connected with the siege. 

3. In the capacity of Chief Engineer on General Sher- 
man's staff, I was present with the investing forces 
under General Viele, when the Savannah Iliver was 
closed above the fort, by the establishment of the bat- 
tery on Venus Point, Jones Island, on the night of the 
11th February last. I took no part in the erection of 
the Bird Island battery, opposite Venus Point. These 
two batteries effectually closed the Savannah River. 

4. In the double capacity of engineer and com- 
mander of the forces, I was charged with the off'ensive 
operations on Tybee Island, where the batteries for the 
reduction of the work were to be established ; and also 
with the completion of the investment, l;)y the block- 
ade of the Wilmino'ton Narrows and Lazaretto Creek 
passage. 

5. The data for this report will therefore be taken, 
in a measure, fi'om my private journal, and from official 
correspondence and orders. 

FORT PULASKI. 

6. Fort Pulaski is situated on Cockspur Island, Geor- 
gia, latitude thirty-two degrees two minutes north, and 



GEX. GILLMORe's REPORT. 9 

longitude three degrees fifty-one minutes west from 
Washington, at the head of Tybee Roads, commanding 
l)oth channels of the Savannah River, The position is 
a very strong one. Cockspur Island is wholly marsh, 
and is about one mile long and half a mile wide. 

7. It is a brick-work of five sides, or faces, including 
the gorge ; casemated on all sides ; walls seven and a half 
feet thick, and twenty-five feet high above high water ; 
mounting one tier of guns in embrasures, and one en 
har-heUe. The gorge is covered by an earthen outwork 
(demilune) of bold relief. 

8. The main work and demilune are both surrounded 
and divided by a wet ditch. Around the main work, 
the ditch is forty-eight feet wide ; around the demilune, 
thirty-two feet. 

9. The communication with the exterior is through 
the gorge into the demilune, over a drawbridge, and 
then through one face of the demilune, over the demi- 
lune ditch, by another drawbridge. The scarp of thc- 
demilune, and the entire counterscarp of main work 
and demilune, are revetted with good brick masonry. 

10. At the time of the siege, it contained forty-eight 
guns, of which twenty bore upon the batteries on Tybee, 
viz. : five ten-inch columbiads, five eight-inch columbi- 
axls, four thirty-two pounders, one twenty-four pounder 
Blakely rifle, two twelve inch and three ten-inch sea- 
coast mortars. A full armament for the work would be 
140 guns. 



10 GEN. GILLMOKe's REPOKT. 

11. On tlie 29tli of November, I was directed by 
General Sherman to make an examination of Tybee 
Island and Fort Pulaski, and to report u2)on the pro- 
priety of occupying and holding that island, and upon 
the practicability (and, if deemed praeticalde, the best 
method) of reducing Fort Pulaski. I reported, on De- 
cember 1st, that I deemed " the reduction of that work 
practicable, by batteries of mortars and rifled guns estab- 
lished on Tybee Island ;" and entered into some details 
as regards the position of the batteries, the precautions 
to be observed in their construction, and the intensity 
of the fire that should be maintained against the work. 
The immediate occupation of Big Tybee Island, by at 
least one regiment, was also recommended. (See Ap- 
pendix A.) 

12. The armament proposed for the several batteries 
comprised ten ten-inch sea-coast mortars, ten thirteen- 
inch do., eight heavy rifled guns, eight Columbiads (see 
Appendix B.). 

13. The project set forth in these two communica- 
tions (Appendices A. and B.) received General Sherman's 
sanction at once, with some slight modification as to 
the number and calibre of the mortars to be used, and 
was forwarded to Washington, and aj^proved there. 

14. Information was in due time received, that orders 
to j)repare and forward the ordnance and ordnance 
stores had been issued. 

1 5. For months therefore, preceding the fall of Pulaski, 



GEN. GILLMOEE's KEPOET. 11 

its reduction from Big Tybee, favored by a thorough 
iuvestment, formed one of General Sherman's approved 
plans, awaiting only the action of others in sending the 
necessary supplies for its completion. 

16. The 46th regiment New York Volunteers (Colo- 
nel R. Rosa) was sent to occupy Big Tybee Island, 
early in December. 

17. Oj^erations for investing the place, by the erection 
of batteries on the Savannah River, above the work, 
were set on foot about the middle of January, 1862. 

18. It was known to General Sherman before that 
time, that gunboats of medium draught could enter the 
river above Fort Pulaski, without encounterino; anv 
batteries ; on the south side through Wassaw Sound, 
Wilmington Narrows (or Freeborn's Cut), and St. Au- 
gustine Creek ; and on the north side, through New 
River, Wall's " Cut," and either Wright or Mud River. 

19. Wall's " Cut" is an artificial channel, narrow but 
deep, connecting New and Wright Rivers, and has for 
years been used in making the inland water passage 
between Charleston and Savannah. 

20. This "Cut" the enemy had obstructed by an old 
hulk, and numerous heavy piles, as ascertained about 
the 1st of January, by Lieutenant J. H. Wilson, Topo- 
graphical Engineers. These obstructions had all been 
removed by a detachment of our Engineer troops, under 
Major Beard, 48th regiment New York volunteers, 



12 GEN. GILLMORE's REPOliT. 

secretly sent fioiu Hilton Head by General Sliemian for 
that purpose. The piles were sawed off on a level with 
the bottom of the stream, and the hulk was swung 
around against the side of the cut, leaving ample room 
for the passage of transports and gunboats. 

21. The opening of Wall's " Cut," which required four 
days and four nights to effect, was reported to the Navy 
on the 14th January, in order that the gunboats might 
enter the Savannah River, and cover us in the erection 
of the investing batteries. At this time, the enemy's 
gunboats were daily j^assing up and down the river. 

22. Mud River is navigable, at high spring tide, for 
vessels of eight and a half to nine feet draught. Wright 
River bar has about eleven and a half feet of water at 
ordinary high tide. The Wright River passage ren- 
dered it necessary to approach within about two miles 
of Foi-t Pulaski. 

23. After the removal of the Wall's Cut obstructions, 
a joint expedition of land and naval forces, for the 
investment, was organized by General Sherman and 
Commodore Dupont. 

24. It consisted of one regiment of infantry (the 48th 
New York volunteers), two companies of the New 
York volunteer engineers, and two companies of Rhode 
Island volunteer artillery, with twenty guns of all cali- 
bre, viz. : two eight-inch siege ho^^dtzers, four thirty- 
pounder Parrotts, three twenty-pounder Parrotts, three 
twelve-pounder James, and eight twenty-four-pounder 



13 

field howitzers, and was accompanied ])y three gun- 
boats. The troops were to rendezvous at Daufustie 
Ishind, where we already had three companies of 7th 
Connecticut volunteers, under Major Gardiner, guarding 
Wall's " Cut." They had been posted there on January 
13th. 

25. The land force was in readiness at Hilton Head, 
soon after the middle of January. Various causes de- 
layed the expected naval co-operation, so that no gun- 
boats passed Wall's " Cut," until the 28th of January. 

26. The naval forces were commanded by Commander 
John Kogers, U. S. N., the land forces by Brigadier- 
General Viele. 

27. Another mixed force, approaching by way of 
Wassaw Sound, presented itself on the south of the 
Savannah River, in Wilmington Narrows (or Free- 
born's Cut), at the same time, the laud force being com- 
manded by Brigadier-General H. G. Wright, and the 
gunboats by Fleet-Ca23tain Davis. 

28. On the afternoon of January 28th, a reconnois- 
sance was made of Mud River, and the Savannah River 
shore of Jones Island. Venus Point, on the margin of 
the Savannah, was selected as the position for one of the 
investing batteries. The line for a road or " causeway," 
over the marsh between Venus Point and Mud River, 
was also located. Its length was nearly 1 300 yards. 

. 29. Jones Island is nothing but a mud marsh, cov- 



14 GEN. OILL^IOUe's RKPOKT. 

ered witli reeds and tall grass. The general surface is 
abouL on the level of ordinary liigli tide. There are a 
few spots of limited area, Venus Point being one of 
them, that are submerged only l)y spring tides, or by 
ordinary tides favored by the wind ; but the character 
of the soil is the same over the whole island. It is a 
soft, unctuous mud, fi-ee of grit or sand, and incapable 
of supporting a heavy weight. Even in the most ele- 
vated places, the partially dry crust is but three or four 
inches in dej^th, the substratum being a semi-fluid mud, 
which is agitated like jelly by the falling of even small 
bodies upon it, like the jum2:)ing of men, or ramming of 
earth. A pole or an oar can be forced into it with ease, 
to the depth of twelve or fifteen feet. In most places 
the resistance diminishes with increase of penetration. 
Men walking over it are partially sustained by the roots 
of reeds and grass, and sink in only five or six inches. 
When this top support gives way, they go down from 
two to two and one-half feet, and in some places much 
further. 

30. A road or " causeway " of some kind across Jones 
Island, from Mud River to Venus Point, was deemed ne- 
cessary, and determined upon at the outset (even if the 
guns should not have to be carried over it), as the means 
of getting speedy succor to the Venus Point battery, in 
case of attack ; Daufuskie Island, four miles distant, being 
the nearest point where troops could be kept for that 
purpose. 

31. On the 29th of January, Lieutenant O'Korke, of 
the engineers, was dispatched in a small boat to exam- 



GEN. GILLMOKE's EEPOET. 15 

me Long aud Ell)a Islands, on the Savannali River. Ma- 
jor Beard, 48tli New York volunteers, accompanied 
him. Tliey entered tlie Savannali river via Cunniug- 
liam Point, at tlie lower end of Jones Island ; pulled up 
the Savannah, stopj^ing several times on Long and En3a 
Islands ; and went around the west end of the latter, to 
within about two miles of Fort Jackson. 

32. Lieutenant O'Rorke reported the uj^per end of 
Lono; Island favorable for batteries, the surface beins: 
fully as high as that at Venus Point. 

33. The following extracts from my journal furnish a 
portion of the history of the operations on Jones Island 
and the Savannah River, for the investment of Fort Pu- 
laski, and may be properly introduced into this report : 

Extracts froBit Journal of ESrigaclier-Oeneral OilliuorCt 
Chief Engineer Expeditionary Corps. 

34. ''^Fehruary 1st, ^d, Sd, and Uh. — The two engi- 
neer companies on Daufuskie Island, commanded by 
Captain Sears, were employed in cutting poles for a 
' causeway' on Jones Island, from Mud River to Venus 
Point, and for the engineer wharf on Daufuskie Island, 
New River." 

35. "On the 4th, the wharf, with eight feet of water 
at low tide, was completed. 10,000 poles, five to six 
inches in diameter, and nine feet long, had been cut on 
Daufuskie Island, and 1,900 of them deposited at the 
wharf. The men of the 48th New York and 7th Con- 
necticut volunteers transported the poles on theu' shoul- 



IG GEN. GILLMOKe's KEPORT. 

tiers, the average distance carried Ijeing one mile. At 
the suggestion of Ca})tain Sears, I liad a swath cut and 
cleared of reeds and grass across th(^ u|)[)er end of Jones 
Island, to ])reveiit tlie enemy burning the island over." 

3(3. " Navy officers were engaged in S(junding Mud 
and Wright rivers. No certainty as yet that the gun- 
boats will enter the Savannah River. Mud Kiver Las 
about one and one-half feet of water in it at extreme low 
tide, Avith a very soft, almost semi-fluid bottom. Sound- 
ings in Wright Ili\er are not completed yet." 

37. " February 5th arid 0th. — Nothing specially new. 
Engineer force engaged in cutting poles, filling sand-bags 
on Daufuskie Island, building a temporary wharf ot 
poles and sand-bags on Mud River, and constructing a 
wheelbarroAV track of planks laid end to end, from Ve- 
nus Point to Mud River wharf. The 48tli New York, 
7th Connecticut volunteers, and a portion of the engi- 
neer forces, engaged in transporting poles and planks, 
and caiTying filled sandbags from Daufuskie Island to 
Jones Island (a distance of abont four miles) in row 
boats." 

38. " Fehrimry VJi and %th. — Finished temporary 
wharf on Mud River; carried several hundred filled sand- 
bags across to Venus Point ; also, a quantity of planks 
and other battery materials. Had the balance of the 
engineer materials, required for the Venus Point bat- 
tery, put into lighters, so as to be ready whenever the 
gunboats should move. There appears to be no imme 
diate prospect o'"'th 



GEN. GILLMORe's REPORT. 17 

39. " February Wi. — I visited Commander Rodgers, to 
consult in regard to liis movins; into the Savannah. He 
said he intended to attempt the Mud River passage that 
night, on the high tide. The signal of his starting 
would be one note from his steam-whistle. Returned 
to Daufuskie, and consulted with General Viele and 
Captain Hamilton, the Chief of Artillery. It was ar- 
ranged that the flats, with the guns and ammunition on 
them, should be towed by the steamer Mayflower, 
through Wall's Cut, and up Mud River into the Sa- 
vannah, just behind the guuljoats. They were accord- 
ingly taken in tow in the evening after dark, from the 
engineer wharf. The night was windy, rainy, and very 
dark. The Mayflower, after several attempts, failed 
to reach Wall's Cut, and cast anchor near the spot she 
started from. The gunboats did not move, on account 
of the weather." 

40. '■''February 10th. — The gunboats Pembina and 
Unadilla are at anchor in Wright River, near Wall's 
Cut. The gunboat Hale has taken up a position in 
Mud River, about two hundred yards to the eastward of 
the temporary wharf, in order to ];)rotect the landing, 
and cover us, if driven back. Caj^tain Hamilton quite 
ill from last night's exposure in the Mayflower. I con- 
sulted with General Viele in the afternoon, and it was 
determined to establish the Venus Point battery at once, 
and wait no longer for the g'luiboats to go ahead of us;* 
also, to eftect this by landing the guns on Jones Island, 
from Mud River, and hauling them over the marsh, in- 

* Orders from General Sherman to that effect were subsequently received 
that same evening. 
2 



18 GEN. ftlLLMORES REPORT. 

stead of towincr them into the Savannah in flats, as first 
contemplated. Major Beard, 48th New York Volun- 
teers, and Lieutenant J. H. Wilson, Topographical En- 
gineers, volunteered to assist Lieutenant Horace Porter, 
the ordnance officer, in getting the flats into Mud Kiver, 
and the guns on shore and into position. Accordingly, 
the flats with the guns were towed by our row-boats up 
the river, against the tide, and landed without accident. 
Two of them were taken aT)out three hundred yards 
into the marsh, by Lieutenant Wilson. The 48th New 
York Volunteers furnished the fatigue parties, which 
had already been twenty-four hours at work on Jones 
Island, and were very much exhausted. Deeming it im- 
possible to get the guns over that night, I directed them 
to be covered with reeds and grass, to prevent their dis- 
covery by the enemy, and left there until the following 
night." 

41. "During the night of the lOth, Lieutenant O'Rorke 
of the Engineers, with a party of volunteer engineers, 
commenced the magazine and gun platforms at Venus 
Point. The party concealed their work at daybreak 
(11th), and withdrew. The platforms were made by 
raising the surface five or six inches, mth sand carried 
over in T)ags. On this sand foundation, thick planks, 
peri)endicular to the line of the battery, were laid, nearly 
but not quite in contact with each other. At right 
angles to these, deck-planks were laid, giving a platform 
nine by seventeen feet. The floor of the magazine was 
twenty inches above the natural surface, an 1 rested on 
sand-bags." 



GEN. GILLMORe's REPOET. 19 

42. '■'■February WtJi. — Continued getting battery and 
road materials to Jones Island during the day. Early 
in tlie evening I went to Jones Island, ivitli fresli men, 
to finish the labor of getting the guns over. Lieuten- 
ants Wilson and Porter and Major Beard took charge 
of the fatigue parties, as before. The work was done in 
the following manner: The pieces, mounted on their 
carriages and limbered up, were moved forward on 
shifting runways of planks (about fifteen feet long, one 
foot wide, and three inches thick), laid end to end. 
Lieutenant Wilson, with a party of thirty-five men, took 
charge of the two pieces in advance (an eight-inch siege 
howitzer and a thirty-pounder Parrott), and Major Beard 
and Lieutenant Porter, with a somewhat larger force, of 
the four pieces in the rear (two twenty and two thirty- 
pounder Parrotts). Each party had one pair of planks 
in excess of the numl)er required for the guns and 
limbers to rest upon, when closed together. This extra 
pair of planks being placed in front, in prolongation of 
those already under the carriages, the pieces were then 
drawn forward with drag-ropes, one after the other, the 
length of a plank, thus freeing the two planks in the 
rear, which, in their turn, were carried to the front. 
This labor is of the most fatiguing kind. In most 
places the men sank to their knees in the mud ; in some 
places, much deeper. This mud being of the most slip- 
})ery and slimy kind, and perfectly free from grit and 
sand, the planks soon became entirely smeared over with 
it. Many delays and much exhausting labor were occa- 
sioned by the gun-carriages slipping off the planks. 
When this occurred, the wheels would suddenly sink to 
the hubs, and powerful levers had to be devised to raise 



20 GEN. 

them up again. I authorized the men to encase their 
feet in sand-bags, to keep the mud out of their shoes. 
Many did this, tying the strings just below the knees. 
The magazines and platforms were ready for service at 
daybreak. Lieutenant Wilson got his two pieces into 
position at half-past 2 a. m., and Major Beard and Lieu- 
tenant Porter, their four pieces at half past 8 a. m., on the 
12th. At 3 A. M., Lieutenant Wilson started back to 
General Viele, on Daufuskie, to report the success." 

43. " Fehruary Vltli. — After giving directions for the 
fresh relief to be put to work in throwing up a dike 
around the battery, to keep out the spring tides, which 
were beginning to flow, I returned to Daufuskie Island. 

" The high tide to-day came within eight inches of 
the surface at Venus Point." 

44. '■'' Februarij 13^A, XUJi^ and 15th. — Various causes, 
particularly the weather, delayed the establishment of 
the battery on Long Island." 

45. "On the morning of the 13th, the rebel steamer 
Ida passed down by Venus Point, under full steam. 
Nine shots were fired at her, striking astern, all but one. 
Elevation good, but not enough allowance made for 
speed of vessel. I was not in the battery at the time. 
All the pieces, except one thirty-pounder, recoiled off 
the platforms. These were at once enlarged to eighteen 
feet by seventeen and a half feet." 

46. " On the afternoon of the 14th, three rebel gun- 
boats came down tiie river, and opened fire on the bat- 



21 

tery, taking a position about one mile distant. Battery- 
fired about thirty shots. One of tlie vessels was struck. 
The boats then withdrew." 

47. ^''February 16th. — The steamer Ida, which, ran 
the battery on the 13th, left Fort Pulaski and returned 
to Savannah, via Lazaretto Creek, Wilmington Narrows, 
Tm-ner's Creek, and St. Augustine Creek." 

48. " Fehruary 11th. — I returned to Hilton Head, by 
General Sherman's order, leaving Lieutenant O'Rorke 
with General Viele, with wi'itten instructions concern- 
ing the engineering operations to be carried on." 

49. The foregoing extracts from my Journal, are all 
that bear directly upon the operations on the Savannah 
above Fort Pulaski. 

50. I did not return there on duty. I soon received 
official information, however, that a second battery, con- 
sisting of one eight-inch siege howitzer, one thirty- 
pounder Parrott, one twenty-pounder Parrott, and three 
twelve-pounder James, w^as established on Bird Island, 
just above Long Island. This was done on the night of 
February 20th, the flats, with the guns, ammunition, 
&c., on them, being towed up Mud River, and across the 
Savannah, by row-boats. Lieutenant O'Rorke of the 
engineers was present as engineer officer, and Lieutenant 
Porter as ordnance officer; Captain John Hamilton, 
General Sherman's chief of artillery, was also present. 

51. On the 19th of February, I was ordered to Big 



22 GEN. gillmoee's report. 

Tybee Island, to place it " in a thorougli state of defence 
against approach from Wilmington Narrows and Laza- 
retto Creek, to prevent all approacli by water, and 
blockade the channel," thereby completing the invest- 
ments, and also to " commence operations for the bom- 
bardment of Fort Pulaski." 

52. The absolute blockade of Pulaski dates from the 
2 2d of February, at which time I stationed two compa- 
nies of the 46th N. Y. Volunteers, with a battery of two 
field-pieces, on Decent Island, Lazaretto Creek. This 
force was subsequently placed on Ijoard an old hulk, 
anchored in Lazaretto Creek, about two and a quarter 
miles ft'om Fort Pulaski. One thirty-pounder Parrott 
was then added to the battery. A small guard-boat, 
mounting a navy six-pounder, was posted considerably 
in advance of the hulk, to intercept messengers attempt- 
ing to reach Fort Pulaski by way of McQueen's Island 
marsh. On the 31st of March, the guard-boat and 
eighteen men were captured by a large scouting party 
of the enemy, who suddenly appeared on Wilmington 
Island. After this the services of the gunboat Norwich, 
Captain Duncan, were secured in Wilmington Narrows, 
to assist the blockade. 

53. It was found impossible to perfectly isolate the 
work. In order to ap2:)reciate the difficulty, and even 
impracticability of securing, with ordinary means, the 
complete blockade of a place like Fort Pulaski, it is 
necessary to understand something of the topography of 
the position. 



GEN. GILLMORe's REPORT. 23 

54. The Savanuah River, from its mouth on Tybee 
Roads, to its confluence with St. Augustine Creek, eight 
miles above, is skirted on both sides l)y low marsh 
islands, submerged by spring tides, covered with a thick 
growth of reeds and tall grass, and cut up by numerous 
small tortuous creeks and bayous. With light boats 
that can be hauled over the marsh by hand, from creek 
to creek, small parties, familiar with the locality, can, 
with comparative security, find their way over these 
marshes, in the night, and avoid guards and pickets. It 
was known that messengers passed to and from the fort, 
in this way, quite frequently. Several of these were 
caught. One of them started from the fort and made 
his escape to Savannah, just after the white flag was 
raised, on the day of the surrender. 

55. On the 21st of February, the first vessel with 
ordnance and ordnance stores for the siege, arrived in 
Tybee Roads. From that time until the 9th of April, 
all the troops on Tybee Island, consisting of the seventh 
regiment Connecticut Volunteers, the forty-sixth regi- 
ment New York Volunteers, two companies of the Vol- 
unteer Engineers, and, for the most of the time, two com- 
panies third Rhode Island Volunteer Artillery, were 
constantly engaged in landing and transporting ordnance, 
ordnance stores, and battery materials, making fascines 
and roads, constructing gun and mortar batteries, ser- 
vice and depot magazines, splinter and bomb-proof shel- 
ters for the reliefs of cannoniers ofi^ duty, and drilling at 
the several pieces. 

56. The armament comprised thirty-six pieces, dis- 



24 GEis". gillmore's eeport. 

tributed in eleven batteries, at various distances fi'om 
the fort, as shown in the following table : 



1. Battery, Stanton, 3 1 

2. " Grant, 3 

3. " Lyon, 3 

4. " Lincoln, 3 

5. " Burnside, 1 heavy 13 

6. " Sherman, 3 

7. " Halleck, 2 



8. 


u 


Scott, 


9. 


u 


Sigel, 


10. 


u 


McCleUan, 


11. 


11 


Totten 






■ 13-inch Mortars, 






at 3,400 yds. 


11 11 II 






" 3,200 " 


10 " Columbiads, 






" 3,100 " 


8 " " 






" 3,045 " 


13 " Mortar, 






" 2,750 " 


II a 11 
II 11 It 






" 2,650 " 
" 2,400 " 


^?'i°- [ Columbiads, 


" 




" 1,740 " 


30-p'dr. Parrott, 




'dr.) } 


" 1,670 " 


48 " James, (old 


24 p 


84 " " ( " 
64 " " ( " 


42 
32 


" H 


" 1,650 " 


10-inch Siege Mortars, 




" 1,650 " 



57. Each battery had a service magazine capable of 
containing a supply of powder for about two dayy' 
firing. A depot powder magazine, of 3,600 barrels ca- 
pacity, was constructed near the Martello Tower, which 
was the landing-place for all the supplies. 

58. For a description of the manner of unloading the 
heavy ordnance upon an exposed beach, — remarkable 
for its heavy surf, — and of the means adopted for trans- 
porting it, by the labor of men exclusively, over a 
swampy and unsafe road, to the several batteries, lo- 
cated at points varying from one mile to two and a half 
miles from the landing-place, I refer you to the report 
of Lieutenant Horace Porter, chief of ordnance and ar- 
tilery, hereunto appended. 

59. Serious difficulties were encountered in making 
a road sufficiently firm to serve for this heavy transpor- 
tation. 



GEN. gillmore's report. 25 

60. Tybee Island is mostly a mud marsh, like other 
marsh islands on this coast. Sev^eral ridges and hum- 
mocks of firm ground, however, exist upon it, and the 
shore of Tybee Roads, where the batteries were located, 
is partially skirted by low sand-banks, formed by the 
gradual and protracted action of the wind and tides. 
The distance along this shore, from the landing-place to 
the advanced batteries, is about two and a half miles. 
The last mile of this route, on which the seven most 
advanced batteries were placed, is low and marshy, lies 
in full view of Fort Pulaski, and is within effective 
range of its guns. The construction of a causeway, rest- 
ing on fascines and brushwood, over this swampy por- 
tion of the line; the erection of the several batteries, 
with the magazines, gun platforms, and splinter-proof 
shelters ; the transportation of the heaviest ordnance in 
our service, by the labor of men alone ; the hauling of 
ordnance stores and engineer supplies, and the mounting 
of the guns and mortars on their carriages and beds, had 
to be done almost exclusively at night, alike regardless 
of the inclemency of the weather, and of the miasma 
from the swamps. 

61. No one except an eye-witness, can form any but 
a faint conception of the Herculean labor l)y which mor- 
tars of eight and one half tons weight, and columbiads 
but a trifle li^-hter, were moved in the dead of nio-ht, 
over a narrow causeway, bordered by swamps on either 
side, and liable at any moment to be overturned, and 
buried in the mud beyond reach. The stratum of mud 
is about twelve feet deep ; and on several occasions the 
heaviest pieces, particularly the mortars, became de- 



26 

tached from the sling-carts, and were with, great diffi- 
culty, by the use of planks and skids, kept from sinking 
to the bottom. Tavo hundred and iSfty men were 
barely sufficient to move a single piece, on sling-carts. 
The men were not allowed to speak above a whisper, 
and were guided by the notes of a whistle. 

62. The positions selected for the five most advanced 
batteries, were artificially screened from view from the 
fort, by a gradual and almost imperceptible change, 
made little by little every night, in the condition and 
appearance of the brushwood and bushes in front of 
them. No sudden alteration of the outline of the land- 
scape was permitted. After the concealment was once 
perfected to such a degree as to aftbrd a good and safe 
parapet behind it, less care was taken ; and some of the 
work in the batteries requiring mechanical skill, was 
done in the daytime, the fatigue parties going to their 
labor before break of day, and returning in the evening, 
after dark. 

63. In all the batteries, traverses were placed between 
the pieces. 

64. With two exceptions (batteries Lincoln and 
Totten), the magazines were placed in or near the cen- 
tre of the battery, against the epaulement, with the 
opening to the rear. An ante-room for filling cartridge- 
bags was attached to each. The magazines for the 
batteries Lincoln and Totten were located in the rear of 
the platforms. 



GEX. gillmore's report. 27 

65. For revetting tlie sides of traverses and epaule- 
ments, fascines, hurdles, brusli, and marsh sods were used. 
Marsh sods form the best revetment for sandy soil. All 
the others allow the sand to sift through them to such 
an extent, as to become a serious annoyance to the men 
serving the pieces. 

66. In order to diminish, as much as possible, the 
labor of forming the parapets in front of the pieces, the 
foundation timbers of all the gun and mortar platforms 
were sunk to hio-h- water mark. This brouo-ht them, in 
many cases, to within six or eight inches of the substra- 
tum of soft clay. To secure them against settlement, 
the lateral as well as vertical dimensions usually adopted 
for platforms, were considerably enlarged, i 

67. Drawings of the mortar platforms, with bills of 
timber attached, are shown in Plate IV. 

68. On the 31st day of March, Major-General Hunter 
assumed command of the Department of the South, and 
Brigadier-General Benham, of the northern district 
thereof, comprising the states of South Carolina, Geor- 
gia, and a part of Florida. During the week which 
followed, these generals visited Tybee Island at separate 
times, and inspected the siege works and batteries then 
established. No change or modification of any of the 
works was suggested by either. 

69. On the afternoon of April 9th, every thing was in 
readiness to open fire. Generals Hunter and Benham had 
arrived the evening before, with their respective staffs. 



28 GEN. GILLMORE's REPOPwT. 

70. Tlie following general orders, regulating tlie 
rapidity and direction of the firing, and the charges and 
elevation of the pieces of each battery, were issued. 
As the instructions then given were, with one or two 
exceptions, adhered to with remarkable fidelity through- 
out the action, they are inserted here in full, to save the 
necessity of further reference to them. 



» !• Headquarteks IJ. S. Forces, ) 

Tybee Island, Ga., April Qth, 1862. J 

General Orders. )■ 
No. 17. j 

The batteries established against Fort Pulaski, will 
be manned and ready for service at break of day, to- 
moiTow^ 

The signal to begin the action, will be one gun from 
the right mortar of battery Halleck (2,400 yards from 
the work), fired under the direction of Lieutenant Hor- 
ace Porter, chief of ordnance. Chargeof mortar, eleven 
pounds ; charge of shell, eleven j^ounds ; elevation, fifty- 
five degrees ; length of fuze, twenty-four seconds. 

This battery (two thirteen-inch mortars) will con- 
tinue firing at the rate of fifteen minutes to each mortar, 
alternately, varying the charge of mortars and the 
length of fuze, so that the shells will drop over the 
arches of the north and noi*th-east faces of the work, and 
explode immediately after striking, and not before. 

The other batteries will open as follows, viz. : 

Battery Stanton (three thirteen-inch mortars, 3,400 
yards distant), immediately after the signal, at the rate 
of fifteen minutes for each piece, alternating from the 
right. Charge of mortars, fourteen pounds ; charge of 



GEN. gillmore's report. 29 

shell, seven pounds ; elevation, forty-five degrees ; and 
length of fuze, twenty- three seconds ; varying the charge 
of mortar and length of fuze as may be required. The 
shells should drop over the arches of the south face of 
the work, and explode immediately after striking, but 
not before. 

Battery Grant (three thirteen-inch mortars, 3,200 
yards distant), immediately after the ranges of battery 
Stanton have been determined, at the rate of fifteen 
minutes for each piece, alternating from the right. 
Charge of shells, seven pounds ; elevation, forty-five de- 
grees; charges of mortars and length of fuze to be 
varied to suit the. range, as determined from battery 
Stanton. The shells should drop over the south face of 
the work, and explode immediately after striking, but 
not before. 

Battery Lyon (three ten-inch columbiads, 3,100 yards 
distant), with a curved fire, immediately after the sig- 
nal, allowing ten minutes between the discharges for 
each piece, alternating from the right. Charge of gun, 
seventeen pounds ; charge of shell, three pounds ; eleva- 
tion, twenty degrees ; and length of fuze, twenty sec- 
onds ; charge and length of fuze to vary as required. 
The shells should pass over the parapet into the work, 
taking the gorge and north face in reverse, and explod- 
ing at the moment of striking, or immediately after. ^ 

Battery Lincoln (three eight-inch columbiads, 3,045 
yards distant), with a curved fii-e, immediately after the 
signal, allowing six minutes between discharges for each 
piece, alternating from the right. Charge of gun, ten 
pounds ; charge of shell, one and one-half pounds ; ele- 
vation, twenty degi-ees; and length of fuze, twenty 



30 GEis". gillmore's eepoet. 

seconds; directed tlie same as battery Lyon, upon 
the gorge and north face in reverse, varying the charge 
and length of fuze accordingly. 

Battery Burnside (one thirteen-inch mortar, 2,750 
yards distant) firing every ten minutes from the time 
the range is obtained for battery Sherman. Charge of 
shell, seven pounds ; elevation, forty -five degrees ; charge 
of mortar and length of fuze varying as required, from 
those obtained for battery Sherman. The shells should 
drop on the arches of the north and north-east faces, 
and explode immediately after striking, but not before. 

Battery Sherman (three thirteen-inch mortars, 2,650 
yards distant), commencing immediately after the ranges 
for battery Grant have been determined, and firing at 
the rate of fifteen minutes for each piece, alternating 
fi'om the right. Charge of shell, seven pounds ; eleva- 
tion, forty-five degrees ; charge of mortar and length of 
fuze to he fixed to suit the range, as determined from 
battery Grant. The shells should drop over the arches 
of the north and north-east faces. 

Battery Scott (three ten-inch and one eight-inch co- 
lumbiad, 1,T40 yards distant), firing solid shot, and 
commencing immediately after the barbette fire of the 
work has ceased. Charge of ten-inch columbiads, twenty 
pounds ; elevation, four and one-half degrees. Charge 
,of eight-inch columbiad, ten pounds; elevation, five 
degrees. 

This battery should breach the paneoupe betAveen 
the south and south-east faces, and the embrasure next 
to it, in the south-east face ; the elevation to be varied 
accordingly, — the charge to remain the same. 

Until the elevation is accurately detennined, each 



GEN. GILLMOEES REPOET. 31 

gun should fire once in ten minutes ; after that, every 
six or eiglit minutes. 

Battery Sigel (five thirty-pounder Parotts, and one 
forty-eight-pounder James — old twenty-four pounder 
rifled — 1,670 yards distant) to open with four and three- 
quarter seconds fuzes, on the barbette guns of the fort, 
at the second discharge from battery Sherman. Charge 
for thirty -pounder, three and one-half pounds ; charge 
for forty-five-pounder, five pounds ; elevation, four de- 
grees for Ijotli calibres. As soon as the barbette fire 
of the work has been silenced, this battery will be 
directed with percussion shells upon the walls, to breach 
the pancoupe, l)etween the south and south-east faces, 
and the embrasure next to it, in the south-east face ; the 
elevation to be val'ied accordingly, — the charge to remain 
the same. Until the elevation is actually determined, 
each gun should fire once in six or eight minutes ; after 
that, every four or five minutes. 

Battery McClellan (two eighty-four and two sixty-four- 
pounders, James — old forty-two and thirty-two-pounders, 
rifled — 1,650 yards distant) opens fire immediately after 
battery Scott. Charge for eighty-four-pounder, eight 
pounds ; charge for sixty-four-pounder, six pounds ; ele- 
vation for eighty-four-pounder, four and one-quarter de- 
grees ; and sixty-four-pounder, four degrees. Each piece 
should fire once every five or six minutes, after the eleva- 
tion has been established ; charge to remain the same. 

This battery should lu'each the work in the pah 
coupe, between the south and south-east faces, and the 
embrasure next to it, in the south-east face. 

The steel scraj^er, for the grooves, should be used 
after every fifth or sixth discharge. 



33 GEN. gillmoke's eepoet. 

Battery Totten (four ten-incli siege mortars, 1,650 
yards distant) opens fire immediately after battery Sigel, 
firing each piece about once in five minutes. Charge 
of mortar, three and one-half pounds ; charge of shell, 
three pounds ; elevation, forty -five degrees ; and length 
of fuze, eighteen and one-half seconds. The charge of 
mortar and length of fuze to vary, so as to explode the 
shells over the north-east and south-east faces of the 
work. 

If any battery should be unmasked outside the work, 
battery Totten will direct its fire upon it, varying the 
charge and length of fuze accordingly. 

The fire from each battery will cease at dark, except 
especial directions be given to the contrary. 

A signal ofiicer at battery Scott, to observe the effects 
of the thirteen-inch shells, will be in communication 
with other signal ofiicers stationed near batteries Stan- 
ton, Grant, and Sherman, in order to determine the 
ranges for these batteries in succession. 
By order of 

Brig. Gen. Q. A. Gillmoee, 

W. L. M. BUEGER, 

Ist Lieut Vol. Eng. & Act\j. Asst. Adj. Gen. 

72. Just after sunrise, on the morning of the 10th, 
Major-General David Hunter, commanding the depart- 
ment, dispatched Lieutenant J. H. Wilson, of the To- 
pographical Engineers, to Fort Pulaski, bearing a flag 
of truce, and a summons to surrender. 

To this demand a negative answer was returned. 

73. The order was given to open fire, commencing 



GEN. GILLMORES REPORT. 



witli the mortar batteries, agreeably to the foregoing 
instructions. 

74. The first shell was fired at a quarter past eight 
o'clock, A, M., from battery Halleck. The other mortar 
batteries opened one after the other, as rapidly in suc- 
cession as it was found practicable to determine the 
approximate ranges, by the use of signals. The guns 
and columbiads soon followed, so that before half-past 
nine, a. m., all the batteries were in operation ; it having 
been deemed expedient not to wait for the barbette fire 
of the work to be silenced, before opening with breach- 
ing-batteries Scott and McClellan. 

75. The three ten-inch columbiads in battery Scott 
were dismounted by their own recoil, at the first dis- 
charge ; and one of those in battery Lyon, from the 
same cause, at the third discharge (see report of the 
ordnance ofiicer, paragraph twenty-nine). They were 
all, except one in battery Scott, subsequently remounted 
and served. 

76. As the several batteries along our line, which 
was 2,550 yards in length, opened fire one after another, 
the enemy followed them up successively, with a vigor- 
ous, though not at first very accurate fire, from his 
barbette and casemate guns. Subsequent inquiry 
showed that he knew the exact position of only two of 
our batteries (Sherman and Burnside). These were 
established just above high-water mark, on low ground, 
void of bushes or undergrowth of any kind. During 
their construction, no special attempt at concealment 

8 * 



34 GEN. gillmore's eeport. 

bad been made, after once securing good parapet cover 
by niglit-work. 

77- Great disappointment was expressed, by all expe- 
rienced officers present, at the unsatisfactory results 
obtained with the thirteen-inch mortars. Although 
the platforms were excellent, and remained, for all use- 
ful purposes, intact, — and although the pieces were 
served with a very fair degree of care and skill, not one- 
tenth of the shells thrown appeai'ed to fall within the 
work; an estimate that was afterwards found to be rather 
over than under the correct proportion. Whether this 
inaccuracy is due to the fact that no cartridge-bags 
were furnished for the mortars, to inequalities in the 
strength of the powder, to defects inherent in the piece 
itself, or to these several causes combined, remains yet 
to be ascertained. It is suggested that the earnest 
attention of the proper department be directed to this 
subject. 

78. By one o'clock in the afternoon (April 10th), it 
became evident that the work would be breached, pro- 
vided our breaching batteries did not become seriously 
disabled by the enemy's fire. By the aid of a powerful 
telescope, it could be observed that the rifled projectiles 
were doing excellent service ; that their penetration was 
deep and effective ; and that the portion of the wall 
where the breach had been ordered, was becoming rap- 
idly " honey-combed." 

79. It also became evident before night, on account 
of the inefficiency of the mortar firing, that upon breach- 



GEN. gillmore's report. 35 

ing alone, — ending, perhaps, in an assault, — we must 
depend for the reduction of the work. 

80. In order to increase the security of our advanced 
batteries, a tolerably brisk fire against the barbette 
guns of the fort, was kept up throughout the day. 
Probably from fifteen to twenty per cent, of the metal 
thrown from the breaching batteries, on the 10th, was 
expended in this way. 

81. As evening closed in, rendering objects indistinct, 
all the pieces ceased firing, with the exception of two 
thirteen-inch mortars, one ten-inch mortar, and one 
thirty-pounder Parrott, which were served throughout 
the night, at intervals of fifteen or twenty minutes for 
each piece. 

82. I extract as follows, from my preliminary re- 
port to Brigadier-General Benham, dated April 12th, 
1862: 

83. " The only plainly perceptible result of this can- 
nonade of ten and a half hours' duration (on the 10th), 
the breaching batteries having been served but nine and 
a half hours, was the commencement of a breach in the 
easterly half of the pancoupe, connecting the south and 
south-east faces, and in that portion of the south-east 
face spanned by the two casemates adjacent to the pan- 
coup6." 

84. " The breach had been ordered in this portion of 
the scarp, so as to take in reverse, through the opening 



36 GEN. 

formed, tlie powder magazine, located in the angle 
formed by tlie gorge and the north face." 

85. "Two of the barbette guns of the fort had been 
disabled, and three casemate guns silenced." 

'' The enemy served both tiers of guns briskly through- 
out the day, but without injury to the materiel or per- 
sonnel of our batteries." 

****** 

86. "On the morning of the 11th, a little after sun- 
rise, our batteries again opened fire with decided effect, 
the fort returning a heavy and well-directed fire from 
its casemate and barbette guns. The breach was rap- 
idly enlarged. After the expiration of three hours, the 
entire casemate next the pancouj)e had been opened, 
and by twelve o'clock, the one adjacent to it was in a 
similar condition." 

87. " Directions were then given to train the guns 
upon the third embrasure, upon which the breaching 
batteries were operating with effect*, when the foi-t 
hoisted the white flag. This occurred at two o'clock." 

88. " The formalities of visiting the fort, receiving its 
surrender, and occupying it with our troops, consumed 
the balance of the afternoon and evenina-." 



'&• 



89. During the 11th, about one tenth of the projec- 
tiles from the three breaching batteries, were directed 
against the barbette guns of the fort. Eleven of its 
guns were dismounted, or otherwise rendered tempora- 
rily unserviceable. 



GEN. GILLMORe's REPORT. 37 

90. The garrison of tlie fort was found to consist of 
385 men, including a full complement of officers. Sev- 
eral of them were severely, and one fatally wounded. 

91. Our total loss was one man killed. None of our 
pieces were struck. 

92. I take pleasure in recording my acknowledgment 
of the hearty, zealous and persevering co-operation 
afforded me by the officers and men under my com- 
mand, not only during the 10th and 11th, when, all 
more or less forgot their fatigue, in the excitement and 
danger of the engagement, but throughout the exhaust- 
ing and unwholesome labors of preparation, occupying 
day and night, a period of nearly eight weeks. 

93. The entire available strength of the command 
was on guard or fatigue duty every tw^enty-four hours. 

94. The details for night- work were always paraded 
immediately after sunset, and were usually dismissed 
from labor between one and two o'clock in the morn- 
ing, although circumstances frequently required parties 
to remain out all nio^ht. 



"&' 



95, In unloading the ordnance and ordnance stores, 
advantage was always taken of favorable tide and 
weather, day and night. 

96. There is one circumstance connected with this 
siege, which appears to deserve special mention, and 
that is, that with the exception of a detachment of 



38 GEN. gillmore's report. 

sailors from the frigate Wabash, who served four of the 
light siege-pieces in battery Sigel, on the 11th, we had 
no artillerists of any experience whatever. Four of the 
batteries were manned by the Rhode Island volunteer 
artillery, who were conversant with the manual of the 
pieces, but had never been practised at firing. All the 
other pieces were served by infantry troops, who had 
been on constant fatigue duty, and who received all 
their instruction in gunnery at such odd times as they 
could be spared from other duties, during the week or 
ten days preceding the action.* 

97. Throughout the siege. Colonel Alfred H. Terry, 
seventh regiment Connecticut volunteers, and Lieutenant 
Colonel James F. Hall, commanding battalion of New 
York volunteer engineers, were conspicuous for the zeal 
and perseverance with which they discharged the varied 
duties to which they were assigned. 

98. Captain Hinkle, with one company of the forty- 
sixth regiment New York volunteers, and a small bat- 
tery, occupied for eight weeks, with credit to himself and 
command, an advanced and exposed position on a hulk 
in Lazaretto Creek, cutting oif boat communication in 
that direction, between Fort Pulaski and the interior. 

* Instructions had been given by General Benham to place a mortar battery on 
the lower end of Long Island, and two ten-inch columbiads on Turtle Island, in or- 
der to obtain a reverse fire on the work. These batteries were to have been 
erected and manned by detachments from General Viele's command. 

One ten-inch siege mortar was therefore placed on Long Island, and was served 
on the 11th April, by a detachment commanded by Major Beard, 48th New York 
volunteers. It was entirely ineffective on account of the distance, nearly 1,900 
yards. 

The idea of the Turtle Island battery was not carried into effect, and no pieces 
were landed there. 



GEN. GILLMORe's REPORT. 39 

99. Lieutenant Horace Porter, of the ordnance de- 
partment, rendered important and valuable service. 
Besides discharging, most efficiently, the special duties 
of chief of ordnance and artillery, he directed in person 
the transportation of nearly all the heavy ordnance, and 
instructed the men in its use. He was actively engaged 
among the batteries during the action. 

* 

100. Captain Charles E. Fuller, assistant quarter- 
master, served with me four weeks, assuming during 
that time the entire charge of unloading the ordnance 
and ordnance stores from the vessels, a duty which he 
discharged with a success worthy of special notice. 

101. Lieutenant James H. Wilson, topographical en- 
gineers, joined my command eleven days before the 
action, and was assigned to duty as instructor of artil- 
lery. He rendered valuable service in that capacity, 
and also at the breaching batteries, on the 10th and 
11th. 

102. Captain Louis H. Pelouze, fifteenth LTnited 
States infantry, and Captain J. W. Turner, commissary 
of subsistence. United States army, members of Major- 
General Hunter's staff, volunteered for the engagement, 
and were assigned to the command of batteries, where 
their knowledge and experience as artillerists proved of 
great value. 

103. On the 11th, two pieces of batter}^ Sigel were 
served by a detachment from the eighth regiment Maine 
volunteers, under Captain McArther, of that regiment. 



40 GEN. GILLMORE's REPORT. 

The men had all served exclusively as infantry, and 
received their first artillery drill from Captain Turner 
and Lieutenant Wilson, under a severe fire. They 
readily adapted themselves to their new duties, and 
served their guns creditably. 

104. Captain F. E. Graef and Lieutenant T. B. Brooks, 
commanding respectively the t\to companies (D and A) 
of volunteer engineers, were indefatigable in the dis- 
charge of their duties as engineer officers, which re- 
quired them to be out with the working pai'ties every 
niofht. 



o 



105. I am under obligations to Commander C. R. P. 
Rodgers and Lieutenant John L^win, United States 
navy, for skilfully serving, with a detachment of sailoi's, 
four siege-guns in battery Sigel, on the 11th. 

106. Lieutenant W. L. M. Burger, of the regiment of 
New York volunteer engineers, served with zeal and 
efficiency as my adjutant-general, during the operations 
on Tybee Island. 

107. Lieutenant P. H. O'Rorke, of the corps of engi 
neers, and Adam Badeau, Esq., volunteered to serve as 
my aids on the 10th and 11th, and rendered valuable 
assistance. 

108. The services of Sergeant James E. Wilson, of 
Company A, corps of engineers, deserve special mention, 
and largely contributed toward getting the breaching 
batteries ready for service. 



GEN. GILLMOKe's KErOllT. 41 

Sergeant Wilson commanded "battery Biiruside during 
tlie action. 

109. To Major-General Hunter, and Brigadier-General 
Benham, commanding respectively this department and 
district, I am under obligations for the official courtesy 
with which they allowed the project for reducing the fort, 
which was planned and all but executed before they 
assumed their commands, to be carried out in all its 
details, without change or modification. 

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 

110. The three breaching batteries, Sigel, Scott and 
McClellan (see Plates II. and HI.), were established at a 
mean distance of 1,700 yards from the scarp walls of 
Fort Pulaski. 

111. The circumstance, altogether new in the annals 
of sieges, that a practicable breach was made at that 
distance, in a wall 7|- feet thick, standing obliquely to 
the line of fire, and backed by heavy casemate piers 
and arches, cannot be ignored by a simple reference to 
the time-honored military maxims that ^'■Forts cannot 
■sustain a vigorous land attack^'' and that "a// masonry 
should he covered from land hatteriesP 

112. A comparative glance at the status of military 
science, as regards breaching, prior to the invention of 
rifled cannon, will enable us to form a tolerably correct 
estimate of the importance to be attached to the results 
developed by this improved arm of the service 



42 

113. A standard military work farnislies the follow- 
ing extract: 

"An exposed wall may be breached with certainty 
at distances from 500 to 700 yards, even when ele- 
vated 100 feet above the breaching battery ; and it 
is believed that in case of extreme necessity, it would 
be justifiable to attempt to batter down an exposed 
wall from any distance not exceeding 1,000 yards, 
but then the cpiantity of artillery must be consider- 
able, and it will require from four to seven days' 
firing, according to the number of guns in battery 
and the period of daylight, to render a breach prac- 
ticable." 

114. During the Peninsular War, breaching at 500 
to 700 yards was of frequent occurrence, and at the 
second siege of Badajos, fourteen brass twenty-four- 
pounders breached an exposed castle wall l^acked by 
earth alone (and consequently much weaker than a 
scarp sustained in the rear by heavy piers and arches), 
in eight hours, at a distance of 800 yards. 

115. Experiments at breaching with rifled guns have 
recently been made. I shall notice two cases : 

116. In August, 1860, exj)eriments with Ai'mstrong's 
rifled guns were made against a condemned Martello 
Tower, at Eastbourne, on the coast of Sussex, England. 
The tower was of brick, fifty-six years old, and design- 
ed for one gun, the wall being seven and a half feet 
thick at the level of the ground, and five and three- 
fourths feet thick at the spring of the vault, which was 



GEisr. gillmore's report. 43 

nineteen feet above the ground. It was thirty-one and 
a half feet high, forty-six feet exterior diameter at the 
bottom, and forty feet at the top. 

117. The pieces used against it were, one forty-pounder 
of four and three-fourths inches calibre, one eighty- 
two-pounder of six inches calibre, and one seven-inch 
howitzer throwing 100 lb. shells. 

118. A practicable breach twenty-four feet wide, in- 
cluding most of the arch, was made with an expendi- 
ture of 10,850 pounds of metal, at the distance of 1,032 
yards. 

119. The projectiles expended were : 

40-pounder gun, 20 solid shot, 1 plugged shell, 43 live shells. 
82 " " 19 " " 8 " " 36 " " 

7-inch howitzer, 2 " " 29 " " 

Projectiles that failed to hit the wall are excluded 
from the above table. 

120. General Sir John Burgoyne in his report upon 
these experiments, says : " Trials were subsequently 
made to breach a similar tower from smooth-bored six- 
ty-eight and thirty-two-pounders ^ at the same range of 
1,032 yards, and the result may be deemed altogether a 
failure, both accuracy of fire and velocity of 7nissiles 
being quite deficient for such a range.^'' 

" At 500 or perhaps 600 yards, the superiority of 
the rified ordnance would probably have been very 
littJje,if anyT i 

121. Experimental siege operations for the instruc- 



44 

tion of the Prussian army, comprising the demolition 
of the defective and obsolete fortifications at Juliers, 
were carried on in the month of September, 1860, es- 
pecially with reference to the effect of rifled breech- 
loading guns. 

122. The following brief summary of the breaching 
experiments, is taken from the report of Lieut.-Col. A. 
Ross, Royal Engineers : 

123. "Four twelve-pounder iron guns, and two 
twelve-joounder brass guns, weighing respectively 2,700 
pounds and 1,300 pounds, throwing a conical ball 
weighing twenty-seven pounds, and fired with a charge 
of two and one-tenth pounds, at 800 Prussian paces 
(640 yards), made a practicable breach thirty -two feet 
wide in a brick wall three feet thick, with counterforts 
four feet thick, four feet wdde, and sixteen feet fi'om 
centre to centre, the wall beino; sixteen feet high and 
built en decharge^ after firing 126 rounds. The first six 
rounds are omitted from this calculation, as they did 
not strike the wall, the wall being entirely covered 
from the o;uns." 

" No difference was observed between the effects of 
the brass and the iron guns. The bursting-charge of 
the shells was fourteen-fifteenths of a pound. The 
penetration was fifteen inches." 

124. " Six six-pounder guns, four of iron and two of 
cast steel, w^eighing respectively 1,300 and 800 pounds, 
throwing a conical shell weighing thirteen pounds, and 
firing with a charge of one and one-tenth pounds, at 



GEN. GILLMORE's REPORT. 45 

fifty paces, made a practicable breacli seventy feet wide, 
in precisely the same description of wall as that above 
described, after firing 276 rounds, the battery being- 
situated on the counterscarp opposite tlie wall.'^ 

" No difference was observed between the effects of 
the cast-steel and iron guns." 

"The bursting-charge of a shell was half a pound. 
The j)enetration of the first single shots averaged eigh- 
teen inches." 

125. "Four 24-pdr. iron guns, weighing between 53 
and 54 cwt., throwing a shell weighing fifty-seven 
pounds, and fired with a charge of four pounds, at a 
distance of sixty yards, made a practicable breach sixty- 
two feet wide, in a loop-holed brick w^all twenty-four 
feet high and six and a half feet thick, after firing 11*7 
rounds, the wall being seen from the battery. The 
bursting-charge of the shell was two pounds. The pen- 
etration of the two fu-st single shots was two and a half 
and three feet." 

126. "The same guns, after firing 294 rounds with 
the same charges, and at a distance of ninety-six yards, 
made a breach forty-six feet wide in a brick wall forty 
feet high and twelve feet thick at the foot, with a batter 
of about four feet. The wall was twelve feet thick, and 
built en decharge, with counterfoi-ts six feet wide and 
sixteen feet from centre to centre, and connected by two 
rows of arches one above the other. The penetration 
of the first single shots was three feet and three and a 
half feet. All the above-mentioned guns were rifled 
breech-loaders." 



46 



GEN, GILLMOEE S EEPORT. 



127. It is impossible to institute a very close compar- 
ison of the relative value of rifled and smooth-bored 
guns for breaching purposes, from any data which expe 
rience has thus far developed. 

128. The experiments at Eastbourne, hereinbefore 
mentioned, are the only ones on record, where they 
have been tried side by side, to the extent of actual 
breaching, against the same kind of masonry, and at the 
same distance. 

We have seen lioiv on that occasion the rifles were a 
complete success^ while the smooth-hores were an utter 
failure. . 



129. At Fort Pulaski an excellent opportunity was 
afforded on the scarp wall near the breach, for obtaining 
the actual penetration of the several kinds of projec- 
tiles. An average of three or more shots for each cali- 
bre was taken, giving the following results, which may 
be relied upon as correct : 

Table of penetrations in a hrick wall^ as determined at 
the siege of Fort Pulashi^ Georgia, April, 1862. 



Kind of Gun. 



Old 42-pdr. rifled, 

a 32 « 

u 24 " 

Parrott rifled guns. 

10-in. Columbiad, \^ 

smooth bore, ) 

8-in. Columbiad, \ 

smooth bore, ) 



Distance from 
Wall. 



1650 yards, 
1650 " 
1670 " 
1670 " 

1740 " 
1740 " 



Kind and weiRht 
of projectile. 



James' 84 lb. solid, 
" 64 " " 
" 48 " " 

Parrott 30 " " 

128 lb. solid, round, 
68 " " 



Elevation.! «Jharge. I Petietra- 
1 "^ tion. 



41 deg. 

4 " 

4i- " 

4 " 

4+ " 

5 " 



8 lbs. 
6 " 

5 " 
3i " 

20 " 
10 " 




130. The above table indicates very prominently, al- 
though it affords no exact means of measuring, the great 



GEN. GILLMORe's REPORT. 47 

superiority of rifled over smooth-bored guns, for pur- 
poses requiring great penetrating power. 

131. Against brick walls the breaching effect of per- 
cussion shells is certainly as great as that of solid shot 
of the same calibre. They do not penetrate as far by 
twenty to twent)''-five per cent., but by bursting they 
make a much broader crater. Such shells would doubt- 
less break against granite walls, without inflicting much 
injury. 

132. Sir W. Dennison, from a comparison of the sev- 
eral sieges in Spain during the Peninsular War, estima- 
ted that a practicable breach at 500 yards could be 
made in a rubble wall, backed by earth, by an average 
expenditure of 254,400 lbs. of metal, fired from smooth- 
bore 24-pdrs. for every 100 feet in width of breach : 
equal to 2,544 lbs. of metal for every lineal foot in 
width of breach. 

133. Before we can draw any comparison, however 
imperfect, between this estimate and the results obtained 
at Fort Pulaski, it is necessary to make certain deduc- 
tions from the amount of metal thrown from the breach- 
ino: batteries used as^ainst that work, as follows : 

First. For the shots expended upon the barbette guns 
of the fort in silencino^ their fire. 

Second. For ten per cent, of Parrott's projectiles which 
upset, from some defect which, I know from personal 
observation, has been entirely removed by the recent 
improvements of the manufacturer. 

Third. For nearly fifty per cent, of the 64-lb. James 



48 GEN. gillmoee's report. 

shot, due to the fact that one of the two pieces from 
which they were thrown had, by some unaccomitable 
oversight, been bored nearly one-fourth of an inch too 
large in diameter, and gave no good firing whatever. 
Making these deductions, it results that 110,643 lbs. of 
metal were fired at the breach. 

The really practicable portion of the breach was of 
course only the two casemates that were fully opened, 
say thirty feet in aggregate width, but the scarp wall 
was battered down in front of three casemate piers be- 
sides; and had these piers not been there, or had the 
scarp been bached by earth alone, as was generally the 
case in Spain, the ^practicable j^ortion of the opening 
would have been from forty-five to fifty feet wide. Call- 
ing it forty-five feet, the weight of metal thrown per 
lineal foot of breach was 2,458 lbs., against 2,544 per 
lineal foot in the Peninsular sieges. Had the fort held 
out a few hours longer this difference would have been 
much greater, for the wall was so badly shattered to the 
distance of twenty-five or thirty feet each side of the 
breach, that the opening could have been extended 
either way with a comparatively trifling expenditure of 
metal. On repairing the work one hundred lineal feet 
of the scarp wall had to be rebuilt. 

134. It must be borne in mind that at Fort Pulaski 
only fifty-eight per cent, of the breaching metal was fired 
from rifled guns, the balance being from the smooth-bored 
8-inch and 10-inch columbiads (68 and 128-pdrs.) of 
battery Scott. 

135. It may therefore be briefly and safely announced 



GEN^. GILLMORES REPORT. 49 

that tlie hreaching of Fort Pidashi at 1,700 yanls^ did 
not require as great an exj^enditio-e of metal, although 
bat fifty-eight per cent, of it was thrown from rifled guns, 
as the breaches made in Spain with smooth-bores exclu- 
sively, at 500 yards. In the former ease the wall was 
good brick masonry, laid in lime mortar, and backed by 
he IV}' piers and arches ; in the latter, rubble masonry 
backed by earth, 

136. A knowledge of the relative value of heavy 
round shot, ten-inch for example, and elongated per- 
cussion shells from lighter guns, say James' 64-2:)0und- 
ers (old thirty-two-pounders), in bringing down the 
masses of brick masonry cracked and loosened by the 
elongated solid shot, ig'a matter of some importance, 
considering the vast diiference in the amount of labor 
required to transport and handle the two kinds of ord- 
nance. The penetration of the percussion shell would 
exceed, and its local effect would at least equal, that of 
the solid round shot. The general effect of the latter, 
Avithin certain rano-es, is a matter for consideration. 

137. My own opinion, based principally upon per- 
sonal ol)servation, corroborated by the reports of experi- 
ments made in Europe, may be stated in the following 
terms : 

138. First. Within 700 yards, heavy smooth-bores 
may be advantageously used for breaching, either alone, 
or in combination with rifles. 

139. Second. Within the same distance, light smooth- 
4 



50 GEN. GILLMORE'S EEPOKT. 

bores will breacli with certainty, but rifles of the same 
weight are much better. 

140. Third. Beyond 700 yards, rifled guns exclu- 
sively are much superior for breaching purposes, to any 
combination of rifles and heayy or light smooth-bores. 

141. Fourtli. Beyond 1,000 yards, a due regard to 
economy in the expenditure of manual labor and ammu- 
nition, requires that smooth-bores, no matter how heavy 
they may be, should be scrupulously excluded from 
breachino; batteries. 



142. Fifth. In all cases when rifled guns are used 
exclusively against brick walls, at least one-half of them 
should fire percussion shells. Against stone walls, shell 
would be ineflfective. 

143. For breaching at long distances, the James 
and Parrott projectiles seem to be all that can be de- 
sired. The grooves of the James gun must be kept 
clean at the seat of the shot. This is not only indis- 
pensably necessary, but of easy and ready attainment, 
by using the very simple and effective scraper, devised 
on the principle of the searcher, for the pieces we em- 
ployed against Pulaski. This scraper consists of a 
number of steel springs or j)rongs — one for each groove 
— firmly attached by screws to the cylindrical part of 
a rammer head, and flaring like a broom, so as to fit 
closely into the grooves. About half an inch of the 
lower end of each prong is bent out at right angles. 
The prongs, being compressed by a ring, to which a Ian- 



GEN. gillmore's eeport. 51 

yard is attached wlien entering the bore, spring out 
firmly into the grooves, when the ring is removed, and 
cleans them thoroughly, as the scraper is drawn out. 

The failure of the James shot as -reported on two or 
three occasions, by apparently good authority, is prob- 
ably due to neglect in this particular. There were 
no failures in our firing, except as before mentioned, 
with the thirty-two-pounder (carrying a sixty-four 
pound shot) that had been bored too large. 

144. Although the James projectiles are surrounded 
wdien first made, by greased canvas, there is believed 
to be an advantage in greasing them again at the mo- 
ment of loadino-. This was done in our batteries 
against Fort Pulaski. As the Parrott projectiles receive 
their rotary motion from a ring of wrought iron or 
brass which surrounds the lower portion of the cylin- 
der, and which does not foul the grooves while engag- 
ing them, no special precautions to prevent " fouling" 
need be taken with the Parrott guns. With heavy 
James or Parrott guns^ the practicability of breaching 
the best-constructed brick scarp ^ at 2,300 to 2,500 yards 
with satisfactory rapidity^ admits of very little doubt. 
Had we possessed oitr present hnoivledge of their power ^ 
'previous to the bombardment of Fort Pidashi, the eight 
weeks of laborious preparation for its reduction^ could 
have been curtailed to one tveek, as heavy mortars and 
columbiads woidd have been omitted from the armament 
of the batteries^ as- unsuitable for breaching at long 
ranges.* 

* For a brief description of certain projectiles, see Appendix F. 



52 GEK GILLMOEE S REPORT. 

145. It is also true heyond question^ that the viini- 
mum distance, say from 900 to 1,000 yards, at which 
land batteries liave heretofore heen considered practically 
harmless against exposed masonry, must he at least treb- 
led, noiv that rifled guns have to be provided against. 

146. Tlie inaccuracy of tlie fire of tlie thirteen-inch 
mortars has already been adverted to. Not one-tenth 
of the shells dropped inside of tlie fort. A few struck 
the terre-plein over the casemate arches, but so fiir as 
could be observed by subsequent inspection from be- 
low, without producing any effect upon the masonry. 
Whether they penetrated the earth-work to the roofing 
of the arches, was not ascertained. 

147. Two or three, striking in rapid succession in the 
same spot, over an arch, might be expected to injure it 
seriously, if not fatally. Such an occurrence would, 
however, be rare indeed. Against all except very 
extraordinary casualties, it would be easy for a garrison 
to provide as they occurred, by repairing with sand- 
bags or loose earth, the holes formed in the terrephin 
by shells. 

148. We may therefore assume, that mortars are un- 
reliable for the reduction of a good casemated worh of 
s^nall area, like most of our sea-coast fortifications. 

149. As auxiliary in silencing a barbette fire, or in 
the reduction of a work containing wooden buihlings, 
and other exposed combustible material, mortars may 
undoubtedly be made to play an imj)ortant part. 



GEIST. GILLMORES REPORT. 53 

150. For the reduction of fortified towns or cities, 
or extensive fortresses, containing large garrisons, there 
is perhaps no better arm than the mortar, unless it be 
the rifled gun firing at high elevations. 

151. To the splinter-proof shelters, constructed for 
the seven advanced batteries, I attribute our almost 
entire exemption from loss of life. We had one man 
killed by a shell from one of the mortar batteries out- 
side the fort, which Avas the only casualty. 

152. A cross section of the splinter-proof shelters is 
shown on Plate III. The same plate shows the posi- 
tion of these shelters for the breaching batteries and 
battery Totten, and of the surgery, which was -con- 
structed in most respects like the splinter-proofs, with 
the exception of its being six and a half feet in 
heiixht. 



» 



153. The demoralizing effect of constant and labori- 
ous fatigue duty, upon the health and discipline of 
troops, particularly upon such as are unused to the 
privations of war, like our volunteers, who can but 
slowly adapt themselves to the 'stinted comforts of a 
campaign, is a subject which demands the earnest 
attention of commanding officers in the field. 

154. Upon regular troops, to whom the drill in their 
special arm has, to a certain extent, become a second 
nature, who are accustomed to the vicissitudes of the 
field, and familiar with expedients and "make-shifts" 
to secure comfort, the bad effects of excessive labor' and 



54 GEN. gillmore's keport. 

constant interruption of drill, are of course less appa 
rent. 

155. Witli the average of our volunteer regiments, 
every alternate day should be devoted to drill, in order 
to keep tliem up to a fair standard of efficiency. 

Very resj)ectfully, your obedient servant, 

Q. A. GiLLMORE, 

Brig. -Gen. Vols, 
To Brig.-Gen. J. G. Totten, 
QJdefEng. U. S. A., Wask, D. C. 



APPENDIX A. 

LETTER FROM CAPTAIN GILLMORE, CHIEF ENGINEER EXPEDITION- 
ARY CORPS, TO BRIGADIER-GENERAL T. ^Y. SHERMAN, COMMAND- 
ING EXPEDITIONARY CORPS. 

E X T K A C T . 

Headquarters Chief Engineer's Office, ) 
Hilton Head, S. C, Dec 1st, 1861. ') 
Brigadier-General T. W. Sherman, 

CommandiQg E. C, HUton Head, S. C. 

Sir : — Agreeably to your orders, I proceeded in the steamer 
" Benj. Deford," on the afternoon of the 29th ult., to Tybee 
Island, to make a military reconnoissance of that locality. 

* * * ■3fr * * * 

The exact position of the battery controlling "Wassaw Inlet,* 
has no bearing on the prominent points to which my attention 
was directed, namely : the propriety of occupying and holding 
the first Tybee Island, and the practicability (and, if deeined 
practicable, the best method) of reducing Fort Pulaski. 

I deem the reduction of that work practicable by batteries 
of mortars and rifled guns, established on Tybee Island. I 
think it probable that a nearer position, on firm ground (al- 
though ver}^ shallow, and therefore ill adapted to mortars and 
sunken batteries), can be found on the island west of Tybee. 

I would establish these batteries from twenty to twenty-five 
yards apart, one gun or one mortar in each, behind the ridge 
of sand on the shore, westward from the lighthouse. 

I would sink the mortar batteries as low as the water would 
])ermit, and the guns sufficiently low to leave a high parapet 
in front. On the sides and rear of each, I would have a high 
mound of earth, and I would cover each with a horizontal 
bomb-proof shelter, of logs covered with earth, and supported 
by logs planted vertically in the ground. 

The embrasures for the guns should be deep, narrow, and of 
very little splay. I estimate, that after once obtaining the 
range, five-eighths of the shells from the mortars can be lodged 
inside of the fort. 

* The enemy had a battery on Wassaw Sound. Its exact position was not 
known at that time. 



56 APPENDIX. 

I would have enougli mortars to throw one shell a minute 
into tlie fort, and as many guns as mortars. 

For landing the ordnance required, I would have built two 
or three large flat-bottomed batteaus or scows, such as are 
commonly used on rope ferries. I think these could be built 
here. 

There are now, probably, at Fort Pulaski, TOO good troops ; 
about two hundred landed yesterday, and the navy officers in- 
formed me that at least five hundred have entered the fort 
within the last three days — while some (probably raw recruits, 
or portions of the home-guards) have gone away. It may be 
their design to land on Tybee, and hold the west end of it, to 
prevent the erection of batteries against the fort. 

I therefore recommend the immediate occupation of Tybee 
Island by one good regiment, until the question of attempting 
the reduction of Fort Pulaski be determined. 

I learned while at Tybee that olfers have been made by 
negroes to burn two of the principal bridges on the railroad 
between Charleston and Savannah, one of these bridges is said 
to be nearly two miles long. In a military point of view, its 
destruction would be of great value to 1.1s, and 1 recommend 
the subject to your attention. Very respectfully, 

Your obed't servant, 
[Signed.] Q. A. Gillmoke, 

Captain and Chief Engineer Ex. Corps. 



APPENDIX B. 

LETTER FROM CAPTAIN GILLMORE TO GENERAL SHERMAN. 

Office of Chief Engineer, E. C, ) 

Hilton Head, S. C, Dec. bth, 1862. J 

BRiaADIER-GENERAL T. W. ShERMAN, 

Commanding B. C, Hilton Head, S. C. 

Sir : — Should it be determined to attempt the reduction of 
Fort Pulaski, from Tybee Island, I recommend the following 
armament for the batteries, inclusive of pieces held in reserve, 
to replace those dismounted, or otherwise rendered unservice- 
able : — 



APPENDIX. 57 

Ten 10-incli sea-coast mortars. 
. Ten 13 ^• 

Eight heavy rifled guns of the best kind, to be used, some 
against the barbette guns of the fort, and some against the 
^valls. 

Eight coUnubiads for firing solid shot, principally ; some of 
them to fire shells, in case it be found practicable to drop them 
in, or explode them over the fort. 

The mortars should each have 900 rounds of shells ; the guns 
and columbiads the same number of rounds of solid shot, and 
the columbiads 300 rounds of shells beside. 

It would be well to have a 15-incli columbiad, if one can be 
obtained. Very respectfully. 

Your obed't servant, 
[Signed.] Q. A. Gillmore. 

Captain and Chief Engineer E. C. 



APPEISFDIX C 

April 8th, 1862 



Headquarters, Ttbee Island, Ga., ) 



Fecial Orders. 

No. 32. 

The following assignments to batteries is hereby made, viz : 

1. BATTERY TOTTEN. 
Capt. D. C. Rodman, Tth Conn. Yols. 

" S. H. Gray, ' " " 
2d Lieut. S. J. Corey, " " " 
with a detachment of the 7th Conn. Yols., in three reliefs. 

2. BATTERY McCLELLAN. 

Capt. H. Rogers, 
with Company " H," 3d R. I. Yols., Artillery, in three reliefs. 

3. BATTERY SIGEL. 

Capt. S. Seldeneck, 46th N. Y. S. Yols. 
" T. Ilohle, 
with Go's " K and H," 46th K. Y. S. Yols., in three reliefs. 



58 APPENDIX. 

4. BATTERY SCOTT. 

Capt. Pardon Mason, 
with Company " F," 3d R. I. Vols., Artillery, in three reliefs. 

5. BATTERY HALLECK. 

Capt. O. S. Sanford, 7th Conn. Vols. 
" E. S. Hitchcock, " " " 
2d Lieut. S. S. Atwill, " " " 
with a detachment of Yth Conn. Yols., in three reliefs. 

6. BATTERY SHERMAN". 

Capt. D. G. Francis, Tth Conn. Yols. 
" J. B. Dennis, " " " 
2d Lieut. Y. B. Chamberlain, " " " 
with a detachment of the Ttli Conn. Yols., in three reliefs. 

7. BATTERY BURXSIDE. 

Sergt. James E. Wilson, Co. A, U. S. Engineers. 

" P. Maguire, " " " " " 

" Wadlie, 
with a detachment of 8th Maine Yols., in three reliefs. 

8 and 9. BATTERIES LINCOLN AND LYON. 

Capt. Louis H. Pelouzc, IStli U. S. Infantry, and Acting 
Inspector General, Department of the South ; with Capt. L. 
E. Tourtelotte's Co. (B), 3d R. I. Yols., xirtillery, in two reliefs. 

10. BATTERY GRANT. 

Capt. Charles E. Palmer, 7th Conn. Yols. 

" Jerome Tourtelotte, " " " 
1st Lieut. Wm. E. Phillip, " " " 
with a detacliment of 7th Conn. Yols., in tliree reliefs. 

11. BATTERY STANTON. 
Captain B. F. Skinner, 7th Conn. Yols. 

" Theodore Beacon, " " " 

1st Lt. Theodore Burdick, " " " 

with a detachment of 7th Conn. Yols., in three reliefs. 

By order of Beig.-Gen. Q. A. .Gillmore. 

W. L. M. Burger, 
1st Lieut. Yol. Engineers, A. Ass't. Adj. -Gen. 



APPENDIX. 59 



APPENDIX D. 

REPORT OF LIEUTENANT HORACE PORTER, ORDNANCE DEPART- 
MENT, TO BRIGADIER-GENERAL GILLMORE. 

Fort Pulaski, Ga., April 12th, 1862. 
Sir : — In compliance with directions from General Gillmore, 
I have the honor to submit the following report concerning 
the ordnance and ordnance stores nsed in the investment and 
bombardment of Fort Pulaski : 

1. In obedience to an order from General T. W. Sherman, 
detailing me as ordnance officer to an expedition intended for 
the blockade of the Savannali River, and the interception of 
all communication in that direction with Fort Pulaski, I left 
Port Poyal, with the ordnance selected for that purpose, Jan- 
uary 26th, 1862. 

2. The following pieces were carried in flat boats towed by 
a steamer : 

4 30-pounder Parrott rifles. 
3 20 " " " 

2 8-inch siege howitzers. 
1 24-pounder field howitzer. 

Each flat carried the implements, equipments and ten 
rounds of ammunition for each of its guns. 
A schooner followed containing : 

5 24-pounder field howitzers. 

3 24 " James rifles (old 12-pounders). 

1 8-inch siege mortar, 

1 10 " " " 

200 rounds of ammunition per gun for all the pieces. 

3. The boats lay at anchor in New River until Feb. 10th, 
guarded day and night by two companies of the 3d Rhode 
Island Vol. Artillery, Captains Gould and Bailey, whose skill 
and energy alone saved the flats during the long time they were 
exposed to rough waters, winds and tides. 

4. An order was then received to place six of the pieces in 
position on Venus Point, Jones Island, about four miles from 
our anchorage. 

5. Four flats, containing three 30-pounder Parrott rifles, 
two 20-pounder Parrott rifles, and one 8-inch siege howitzer, 
were taken in tow by row-boats, about five o'clock p. m., moved 



60 - APPENDIX. 

through Walls Cut and Mud River, and landed at the tempora- 
ry wharf on Jones Island at eight o'clock p. m. One 30-pounder 
gun and one 8-inch howitzer \vere first landed, and moved 
forward upon the island by Lieut. J. H. Wilson, Topograph- 
ical Engineer, who volunteered his services for the occasion, 
and to whose energy the success of the undertaking is in a 
great measure due. After the remaining guns and ammuni- 
tion had been landed and the boats secured, I moved forward 
two 30-pounder guns and was followed by Major Beard of the 
48tli N. Y. Yolunteers with two 20-pounder guns. This officer 
volunteered to assist in the transportation of the artillery, and 
rendered most valuable service. The last gun was landed at 
Um o'clock p. M. Each officer had a detail of thirty -five men 
of the 48th K. Y. Volunteei-s. 

6. Owing to some mistake they had been on duty during 
the previous twenty -four hours, and ^vere totally unfit to un- 
dertake the task. 

7. The actual difficulties of the undertaking commenced 
with the movement of the pieces across the island, nearly a 
mile in wddth. This island is a low marsh entirely under 
water during spring tides. Long planks were laid down form- 
ing a run-way for the wdieels. The pieces were moved over 
them by hand, the planks taken up in. rear and laid down in 
front, and so on. The men sunk to their knees at every step, 
the planks soon became covered with slimy mud, and the 
wheels frequently slipped off, sinking to the hubs and causing 
great delay and physical labor in prying them out. The men 
were soon unable to retain a hold upon the planks to carry 
them. Ropes were then attached, and they were dragged 
through the mud. The men were soon completely exhausted, 
many lay down in the mud and water unable to rise. About 
two o'clock, an order came from General Grillmore to suspend 
operations for the night. The first two pieces had advanced 
about four hundred yards. The guns were screened with 
reeds and grass, and left until the next night. With a fresh 
detail of men under the same officers the guns were then 
placed in position. 

8. Lieutenant Wilson arrived at the battery about three 
o'clock. All the guns were in the battery ready to open fire 
by eight o'clock on the morning of the 11th. 



APPENDIX. 61 

9. The worst portion of the island was crossed the second 
night. Several times the men sunk down from physical ex- 
haustion, and it required both encouragement and threats to 
keep enough by the guns to move them. 

10. The river being now commanded, two 24-ponnder field 
howitzers and fifty ronnds of ammunition per gun for all the 
pieces were taken to the battery iu boats by way of Wright 
River and the Savannah. 

11. The remaining ammnnition was left on board the 
schooner in charge of an ordnance sergeant, with directions to 
issue supplies upon requisitions from the ofiicer commanding 
the battery. 

12. The other guns remained in flats in Il^ew River. One 
boat containing one 20-pounder gun was swamped in conse- 
qnence of a leak and the violence of the tides, and sunk in 
twelve feet water. The gun was soon after recovered nninjured. 

13. An order was received February 20th to place six guns 
in battery on Bird's Island, opposite Jones' Island, in the Savan- 
nah. Boats had been collected and loaded during the two 
previous days, and select crews chosen for the row-boats. 

14. About five o'clock p. m., on the above day, flats were 
towed through Walls Cut and Mud River, with one 8-inch 
siege howitzer, one 30-ponnder Parrott rifle, one 20-pounder 
Parrott rifle, and three 21:-pounder James rifles, each flat car- 
rying the implements, equipments, and thirty rounds of ammu- 
nition for each of its guns. The boats reached the mouth of 
Mud River about twelve o'clock, and after waiting an hour for 
a change of tide pulled out into the Savannah. Major Beard, 
who had again volunteered his services, acted with his accus- 
tomed energy. He and Captain John Hamilton, 3d U. S. 
Artillery, Chief of xVrtillery on General Sherman's stafl', kept in 
advance in a small boat, and, by signals given from time to 
time, indicated to the line of flats the proper direction, and 
enabled them to reach the island at the proper point, which 
was attended with some ditficulty during the night, and while 
exposed to a strong tide. Such perfect silence was preserved 
by the men that the enemy's gunboats in the river were not 
aware of the movement until daylight, when it was too late 
to attack us. 

15. AYe arrived at the upper end of the island at about two 



62 ' APPENDIX. 

o'clock. The platforms and magazines were constructed by 
the engineers during the remainder of the night, and at da}'-- 
light an 8 -inch howitzer was in position. The rest of the pieces 
were placed in the battery during the day, and by three o'clock 
could have opened fire. A hundred yards of marsh had to be 
crossed by the same method as that used upon Jones' Island. 
The guns w^ere placed in position by details of men from Cap- 
tain Bailey's Company of Third Rhode Island Artillery, and 
the Volunteer Engineers, Lieutenant Dairy mple of that regi- 
ment, and Major Beard labored most faithfully in the discharge 
of this duty. 

16. Fifty rounds of ammunition per gun were placed in the 
magazine, and the remainder left in the schooner, from which it 
could be readily supplied. 

17. In firing for ranges upon different points of the channel, 
I found that the Parrott guns fired with their usual accuracy 
with the exception of one 30-ponnder, from which half of the 
projectiles turned* end over end. The 8-inch siege howitzers 
gave very good results at 1,300 yards. The fuzes were exceed- 
ingly uniform. 

18. Being ordered to Port Royal to collect ordnance for Ty- 
bee Island, I returned to that post February 22d, and started 
for Tybee Island February 24th. 

19. The following ordnance and ordnance stores were land- 
ed at different times, and [daced in position in the batteries op- 
posite Fort Pulaski : 

12 13-inch mortars and beds. 
4 10-inch siege mortars and beds. 
6 10-inch columbiads and carriages. 

4 8-inch " " 

2 84-pounder James rifles, " (old 42-pounders rifled.) 

2 64 " " " " ( " 32 " " ) 

1 48 " " " " ( " 24 " " ) 

5 30 " Parrott " " 

Implements and equipments, and nearly 900 rounds of am- 
munition for each piece. 
3,000 barrels of powder. 

20. The heavy guns were landed by lowering them from the 
vessels into lio-hters, havino: a strons^ deckino; built across their 
gunwales. They were towed ashore by row-boats at high tide, 



APPENDIX. 63 

often in a heavy surf, and careened by means of a rope from 
shore, manned by sokliers, until the piece rolled off. At low 
tide this was dragged above high-water mark. 

21. For the purpose of transporting the 13-inch morfars, 
weighing 17,000 pounds, a pair of skids was constructed of 
timber, ten inches square, and twenty feet long, held together 
by three cross-pieces, notched on. One end of the skids was 
lashed close under the axle of a large sling-cart, with the other 
end resting on the ground. The mortar was rolled up by 
means of ropes until it reached the middle of the skids, and 
checked. Another large sling-cart was run over the other end 
of the skids, which was raised by the screw, forming a tempo- 
rary four-wheeled wagon. Two hundred and fifty men were 
required to move it over the difficult roads by which the bat- 
teries were reached. 

22. I can pay no greater tribute to the patriotism of the Tth 
Connecticut Volunteers, the troops generally furnished me for 
this duty, than to say, that when the sling-carts frequently sank 
to their hubs in the marshes, and had to be extricated by un- 
loading the mortar, rolling it upon planks, until harder ground 
could be found, and then reloading it, they toiled night after 
night, often in a drenching rain, under the guns of the fort, 
speaking only in Avhispers, and directed entirely by the sound 
of a whistle, without uttering a murmur. When drilling the 
same men in the mortar batteries, they exhibited an intelli- 
gence equalled only by their former plu'sical endurance. 

23. The 3d Eh'ode Island, 46th I^ew York, and 8th Maine 
Volunteers moved several of the guns under similar difficulties. 

24. Sergeant Wilson, Company A, U. S. Engineers, render- 
ed important service in mounting the guns. 

25. The 13-inch mortars were mounted by means of the ordi- 
nary garrison gin, by increasing the number of blocks, giving 
four sheaves above and three below. It was found that when 
the truck-wheels of the iron beds for the 13-inch niortars were 
thrown into gear they sank into the deck planks of the plat- 
forms, and did not relieve the cheeks of sufficient weight to 
enable the pieces to be moved to and from battery. Two pieces 
of flat iron, five feet long, four inches wide, and half an inch 
thick, were, at the suggestion of General Gillmore, let into the 
platforms under the wheels, projecting an eighth of an inch 



64 APPENDIX. 

above the surface, the inner edges two inches outside of tlic 
rails. Tlie wlieels then worked to perfection. 

26. Notwithstanding the precautions constantly given the 
cannoniers at drill, five eccentric axle-stops on the 13-inch mor- 
tar beds were broken, but replaced before the firing com- 
menced. One 10-inch columbiad eccentric axle-stop was 
broken during the firing, but did not interrupt the serving of 
the piece. 

27. 1^0 difficultj was experienced in the ignition of the 13- 
incli mortar fuzes, nor in the use of friction tubes in those 
pieces. 

28. The 13-inch mortar cartridge bags not having arrived, 
the powder was poured into the piece loose, and adjusted in 
the chamber by the gunner. This method was attended by 
very little more inconvenience than is experienced in smaller 
mortars. 

29. The pintles and puitle crosses sent here were for the 
wooden barbette carriages, and caused the difficulty we expe- 
rienced with the 10-inch columbiad iron carriages, front pintle. 
[See accompanying report of firing.] A collar was made for 
the pintle in order to bring it to the size of the pintle-hole. 
The chassis was not afterward thrown oft' the pintle. 

30. The bolts which gave way in the iron carriages were in- 
jured, and. several of them broken, by throwing the chassis 
from a boat upon the hard beach in landing. As these car- 
riages were the last portion of the armament that arrived, no 
time was afforded for replacing the bolts before the firing com- 
menced. When new bolts were put in during the first night 
of the bombardment, they remained uninjured by the next 
day's firing. 

31. The two Slr-pounder and two Gl-pounder James rifle 
guns were used entirely in breaching, and gave the most sat- 
isfactory results, with the exception of one 64-pounder, many 
of the projectiles from which turned end over end. 

32. The penetration of the 8-1-pounder shot into the brick 
masonry of the fort at 1,650 yards was twenty-five inches, of 
the 64-pounder twenty inches, and the shattering effect pro- 
duced laterally very destructive. An examination of the walls 
proved conclusively that the projectiles entered point foremost, 
and many solid shots were found buried in the masonry in this 



APPENDIX. 65 

position. The shells exploded after penetrating about eighteen 
inches, and played an important part in reducing the work, 

33. The penetration of an 84-pounder shot in an earthen 
traverse in the fort was twelve feet. 

34. One great secret of the success of these guns, I think, 
was the constant use of a scraper for the grooves, proposed by 
General Gilhnore. It was made upon the principle of the 
" searcher," by taking a number of strips of steel equal to the 
number of grooves in the piece, and of the same width, half 
an inch of one end bent up at a right angle. These were 
nailed along the cylindrical portion of a rammer head, at 
equal distances apart, giving the bent ends a flare. An iron 
ring was slipped over this to compress it when entering the 
bore, and then removed to let the scraper press well into the 
grooves. The scraper was used generally after every five or 
six shots. When not used for a longer time the effect was 
perceptible in the firing, and its constant use was afterward 
insisted upon. 

35. There was not time to finish a scraper for the 48-pound- 
er, and many of its shots were lost no doubt in consequence. 

36. In regard to the James guns, the admirable manner in 
which the rifled motion is imparted to the projectile, the large 
mass of metal thrown, and the shape of the shot, seem to leave 
little to be desired in a breaching gun. 

37. The Parrott guns being of smaller calibre (30-pounders) 
did not do the same execution ; many of the projectiles turned 
end over end, and some took a wdbhling motion in their flight, 
still many shots were found buried in the masonry point fore- 
most with a penetration of eighteen inches, but exhibiting 
very little shattering effect. I think with larger calibres and 
carefully prepared projectiles, giving that accuracy of fire 
which these guns have been known to give, they would be 
found excellent for breaching purposes. 

38. Tlie drift of the rifled guns was about nine feet in a 
range of 1,670 yards. 

39. The 2,293 shots fired from rifled guns during the two 
days of the bombardment give additional proof that the rifle 
projectile departs from a tangent to the trajectory and remains 
nearly parallel to its first position. The generally accepted 
theory accounting for drift has received another confirmation. 

5 



66 APPENDIX. 

40. The 8 and 10-inch columbiads throwing solid shot at 
1,740 yards performed their part admirably in the demolition 
of the masonry. The penetration of the 10-inch shot Avas thir- 
teen inches, that of the 8-inch eleven inches when striking upon 
the untouched surface of the wall, and the lateral effect a little 
greater than that of the 84-ponnder rifles ; but it was after 
the latter guns had perforated the wall that the columbiads 
performed their true office in crushing out the immense masses 
of masonry. 

41. The penetration of the different projectiles was ascer- 
tained by accurate n'leasurement and a mean of several shots 
taken. 

42. During both days of the bombardment the wind, which 
blew from right to left, was extremely unfavorable for mortar 
firing. Tliisin connection with the fact that the gunners had 
never before fired a piece, and had been drilled only ten days, 
accounts in some degree for the loss of so many shells from 
the mortars. 

43. Tlie nearest 13-inch mortar, firing at an elevation of 
forty-five degrees, was 2,650 yards, and the farthest 3,400 
yards ; too great a distance for a successful vertical fire against 
a small area like that of the fort. 

44. The 10-inch siege mortars at 1,650 yards dropped more 
than half their shells outside of the fort. 

45. Many of the paper fuzes we were obliged to use in the 
absence of others, had been captured from the Rebel forces 
at Hilton Head, and were very inferior. 

46. We are deeply indebted to the officers of the navy for 
furnishing us with a quantity of paper fuses, and flannel for 
making cartridge bags. 

47. So much were the preparations hurried for opening the 
bombardment, that we could not wait for many of the ord- 
nance stores that had been ordered from the north. Powder 
measures were made out of copper, from the metallic cases in 
which the desiccated vegetables are received. Columbiad shells 
were strapped with strips of old tents, rough blocks being used 
for sabots. A large party was kept working day and night, 
during the bombardment, making 10-inch Columbiad car- 
tridge bags, and wooden fuze plugs for 10-inch mortars, in 
which paper fuzes were used. 



APPENDIX. 67 

48. For a detailed report of the jfiriiig, I refer you to the 
accompanjing record. 

49. The faihu-e of many of the friction tubes, was owing to 
the fact that most of the caunoniers were unaccustomed to 
their use. 

50. The recoil of the mortars increased slightly with the 
number of shots fired. The average recoil is given in the 
table. 

51. Musket powder was used for filling the rifle shells. All 
the powder used in the pieces, was No. 5. Most of it Smith 
& Hand's, some Hazard's. I find the former gives a little 
greater range, not, I think, on account of the superior quality 
of the powder, but because there are more small grains in a 
given quantity, and the combustion is consequently more 
rapid. The 13-inch shells hold only about eight pounds of 
this size of powder, when loosely poured in. 

52. None of the pieces became so hot during the bombard- 
ment, as to render it necessary to stop the firing. 

53. The 13-inch mortars were fired once in ten or fifte-3n 
minutes. One was fired three times in fifteen minutes, without 
any extraordinary exertion on the part of the cannoniers. 

54. Upon taking an inventory of the captured ordnance and 
ordnance stores in Fort Pulaski, the following were found, viz.* 

5 10-inch columbiads, unchambered, tVom Tredegar Foundry. 

9 8-inch " « 2 irreparabre. 
3 42-pound er guns. 

20 32 " ^ " 

2 24 " rifled cannon, Blakely. English. 

1 24 " howitzer, iron. Flank defence. 

2 12 " " brass. 

2 12-inch mortars, iron. 

3 10-inch sea-coast mortars. 
1 6-poundcr gun. 

6 10-inch colutnbiad carriages and chassis, one irreparable, 
one unserviceable. 

10 8-inch columbiad carriages (seven barbette, three case- 
mates) three irreparable, one unserviceable. 

3 4ii-pomider carriages and chassis, casemate. 

* Many small articles are omitted from Lieutenant Porter's list. 



68 APPENDIX. 

20 32-pounder carriages and chassis, casemate, two irrepara- 
ble, one unserviceable. 

2 24-pounder ship carriages, one irreparable. 

1 24 " howitzer carriage and chassis. Flank defence. 

2 24 " " " field. 

2 12-inch mortar beds, 

3 10-inch sea-coast mortar beds, one irreparable. 

PKOJECTILES UNPREPARED. 

424 42-pounder shot. 
2,600 32 " " 

200 8-inch " 

520 10 " columbiad shells. 
1,000 8 " " " 

45 12 " mortar " 

150 10 " " " 

YOO 10 " sabots. 
250 8 " " 

88 6-pounder shot. 
100 24 " howitzer canister. 

70 24 " rifle shells. 

PROJECTILES PREPARED. 

100 32-pounder spherical case. 
36 12 " howitzer spherical case. 

60 10-inch strapped shells. 
80 8 " " " 

400 32-pounder shells. 
30 12 " howitzer canister. 

61 12 " " shells. 
87 6 " canister. 

POWDER, AMMUNITION, &c. 

40,000 pounds cannon powder. 

200 " rifle ." 

500 " meal " 

* * * * 

The pieces bearing upon our batteries on Tybee Island are 
as follows : 



APPENDIX. 69 

In Ba/i'hette. 
5 8-incli Columbiads. 
4:10 " " • 

1 2-i-pouncler rifle, Blakely. 

2 10-inch sea-coast mortars. 

In Casemate. 
1 8-incli Coluinbiad. 
4 32 "2)011 nder guns. 

In Batteries outside the Fort. 

1 10-incli sea-coast mortar. 
9 12 " " " 

Total, twenty pieces. 

Respectfully submitted, 

Horace Porter, 
1st Lieut, of Ordnance^ U. S. A. 
To W. L. M. Burger, 
1st Lieut. Vol. Eng. A. A. Adj. -Gen. 



70 



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76 



APPENDIX. 



O 
Hi 



•jfjaiiuq siq? mojj 
pajg s}oqs JO jgqranj^ 




1 

C-5 


•Snug pascao 


7 p.ni 

2 " 


•Suijg poouararaoo 


8.20 a.m. 
6.15 " 


•poTjiy ;Bqa 
saqn^ uopopj jo jaqtun^ 


O CO 
r-l 


1—1 


•pasn japAvod jo pni^ 


"SjPUBJI 

puB qiimg puB 'spjBZBjj -g -o^ 


•aSEiJ 
-.ina JO iiobojj 


•saqoni 




•;99j 


in 


•yai oj iqSu inoaj 
M.aiq qaiq.w 'pui.tt jo a^Bjg 


slight 
strong 


•spjB.t 
ui ;aoj luojj aonu^sid 


o 
o 


•spnooas 
UI aznj JO qjSuoi 


CO - 


•noi^'BAaia; 




r-H 


■spnnod 
nt ipqs JOj aSauqo 


CO = 


■spnnod 
ui aoaid joj aSaijqo 


^ -■ 


•eipaafojd jo pui^ 


m 

CO 


Description of pieces and carriages in 

the battery. 

Numbp" of shots fired from each piece 

eaci day, and during both days. 


« 






«J 






^ 






M 


•a^uid ;uo.ij 
'aScu.iuD iio.ii '\^si 
'pinqmniof) qoui ot 




•r+i 
CD 


« 


•aijuid ;no.iJ 
'aScuJBO uojj 'iggx 
'ptsiqran^oo qani-oi 


02 O 


in 


M 


•at^uid iuo-ij 
'aSui-MBo uojf 'xgei 
'piuqninio.i qoui-OT 




o 


Days on which the firing 
occurred. 


First day. 
Second day. 
Total, 



^ ±j a 2 oj 



(4-. 

o 


m 


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(1) 


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0) 


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CS 






-73 

ID 

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fl 


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CO 


fl 

fl 


0) 

o 




^ 

£ 

o 

^ 


oT 8 
5ti OJ 


TO 


.is: 


IS 


rt 


p. 


o 
o 


CO 


a 

CO 
C3 


C8 


fl 

CS 







O 


bo 




> 
O 


O 


"o 


fl 

•a 


o 




b 


o 


o 


Cl 


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o 




H 




.r; 


















CS 


C.-I 


03 


f, 


H 


r5 




fl 


^ 


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C 

C3 


O 


<-> 


a 
o 

bo 






O 






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ca 


b. 


.O 


T* 


c« 


r2 




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o 

Cm 




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^ 


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•S fl a -^ -2 

> -^ 'S £ I -g 

- fl =:« s s 



bo 



icfl 



Ph 



ID 



;§ .2 ^f^ bo g 

A2 CO ».ij • 2 m 
_, CO -^ O •£ ^ 



O O fl 



^.-^ 



I. +^ CC •=! K o 
MO .''^'U ^ 

M S £ ^ -b o 

2 g ^ bo S ^ 

§ fe £ g fl 



APPENDIX. 



V7 



o 

o 

X/1 

u 

n 



•Xjsjjuq siq} ino.y 
po.15 sjoqs JO joquinjsl 




<M 




CO 



in 


•3ujau pasBOO. 




s 


s 




•3aug paauouiinoo 




S 
-*< 


00 




■paiinj ;i;q; 
saqm noijou} JO jaqinn^ 




t-l 





01 


•p9sn J8p^\i.od JO pui3 


•s.ptrea 
ptiB qjraig pnB 'SjpiBZBjj 


•5 


OR 


•saS J1.1 
-jua JO iiooaa 


■saqoni 




•}005 


•f -ON 


Tjl 






X pus -5 'i -sojj 









•yai 0} jqSu uiojj Ai3(q 
qoiqAv 'put.u aq^joo^u^g 






be 

2 




•sp.i«.C 
ni jaoj nio.ij aouf4si(i 





■spuooas 
ni eztij JO q:(SuaT; 




•noifo-vaiji 





10 


= 




•spunod 
ui ([aqs joj 9Sai;q3 




"spunod 
ui aoatd .loj aSauq i 






^ 




•aniaot'o.id jo putx 







- 




Description of pieces and carriages In 

the battery. 

Number of shots fired from each piece 

each day, and during both days. 


« 






»ft 






^ 


■aSiujjcD 
napoo^VL "P^-'^quiKqa 
'piuquinioo qoui-g 


05 


O) 


CO 


es 


•aiiuul luojj 
'oScujra uo.ij "ly^t 
'piuqtnuio,:) q.iuij^i 


i-l 










« 


•a|iuul ?uo.y 
'aSiiujuo uo.if -igst 
'priqmnio.-) q.mi-oi 


'"' 









14 


•onuul )uo.ij 
'pviqtnnioo qoui-oi 


r-\ 


iH 


c 

■§i 

a 





03 


03 

a 

8 

a> 






b*' to 

1^ ca 



cnp3 



fa 



■" CI 

^ <D 



2-^ 

rd to 



C^ '3 



.2 o 

S ® 

(D a 

O) 

It 



M, 



-3^ 






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CO 13 



g "5, 



IS 



APPENDIX. 



O 
o 

Hi 

U 
O 

d 



•X ja^juq giq; niojj 
pDjg s^oqs JO aaqnin^ 


«0 (M 
■<^ CO 
CM ,-1 


00 

(M 


•Smag pasBag 


a = 

Jr- IM 


•Snug paououinioo 


8.20 a.m 
6.15 " 


•poimj ;t:qi 
saqn? uoipuj jo jaquni^ 


O 05 


C5 


•pasn aopAiod jo pai^ 


SjPUB'JI 

puB ii:i!nig pnB 'sjwbztjjj 's -ojvj; 


■saScu 
-at!0 .JO iiooag " 


•saqoux 




•:)aa^ 


CO 


■yat oj ?q2u caojij Maiq 
qaiqAv 'puiAi 8q:| ;o a^Tj^g 


slight 
strong 


•spjB^f 
ni ;aoj mojj aouB^sia 


o 

CO 


■spnooas 
m oznj JO q:tSuaT; 


CO 


•noiiTJAaia; 


0_ ^ 


•spunod 
ui ipqg joj agjBqo 


-+' - 


•spunod 
ut aoaid joj aSjBqo 


o ^ 


•amaafoad jo puig 


to 


Description of pieces and carriages in ' 

the battery. 

Number of shots fired from each piece 

each day, and during both days. 


<0 






»4 






^ 






M 


•aScujua 
uapooAi •pa.iaquiBqo 
■pBiqiunio^) 'pnp-S 


!M O 

CO O 


c-a 


« 


■ •.l^Bl.I.IBO 

uapoo_,vi. •pajaqiuBqa 
'pBiqiuuio,^ qaui-S 


CO C£> 


CO 


N 


•aSBUJBD 

napooAi. •pa.iaqtiiBqo 
'pBiqmnio^ qaui-8 


C<1 r-c 

CO o 


CO 


c 

$■6 
- o 

§ 

t 


First day. 
Second day, 
Total, 



APPE1«"DIX. 



79 



d 

l-H 

o 

o 



•A'jO}}Bq siqj IUO.IJ 
pajy sioqs j'o aaquiufi 


CO o 
o a> 

-rf CO 




•Sai.ig pasuao 


•Suug poDuorauioj 


- 


a 

C5 


•paipu icqi 
saqnj uoiiouj jo jaqmn^ 


o o 


2 

r-l 


•posn japAvod jo pai^ 


•si|9qs Ggu Sajijy joj jop.wod jaJisuH 
s.puca !y qiiuiS pa^ 's,pjBZBij -g -ox 


•soSbij 
-.IK) JO ijooaa 


•soqani 




■%90S 


o 


•y»t 01 jqSiJ uio.y Avajq 
qoiq.w 'puiAvoqijoa^Ris 


slight 
strong 


•spjii^C 
ni ?Joj tnojj aauu}si(i 


o 

CD 


•spuo.i.is 
at aznj jo qj^iio^ 




•noni''A3i3 


C 


•spuuod 
ui ip^is Joj a^Juqc) 


C^ 


•spunod 
ni aaaid aoj elfaiiqo 


00 -^ 


■aijpafojd JO pui}j 


shot 
shells 
sliot 
.-hells 


Description of pieces and carriages in 

the battery. 

Number of shots tired from each piece 

each day, and during both days. 


« 




i.-? 




^ 


•poo.tt 'oSei-ubd 
ajiaq.uja ■S3uii:i' 
pagu japuuod-jg 


r-( CO 05 
C 00 


00 

o 


M 


•poo.w 'aSBUJBO 
ajiaqjBa -sauiBf 
pagu .lapunod-gg 


— O r- 
O Ci 


3> 


91 


'pOOAV 'aSBUJBO 

84V''qj«g •sauiBf 
n^^u japunod-f.f 




05 

i-t 


wi 


■poO.Vl 'aSBU.lBO 
84J.iq.ICa -SOHIBp 

pauu .t.»punod-gt 


© O Tit ^ 

OC C^ Ci 


00 


c 

!•? 
•§1 

II 

a 
o 

at 

1 


First day. 
Second day. 

Total, 



tea 



Pi 



»G to 

" s 

o 

n 

o H 
? fl 

xi «; 

"•^ 
l§ 

* u 

a -M 



s a 






80 



APPEIS^DIX. 



9 

•i-i 



•Xj9;5i!q siqj caoaj 
poag sjoqs jo jaqoiii^ 


o o 
o o 
00 t- 


•Snug pasTiao 


a - 


•Snijg psouamniOQ 


' 


9.15 a.m. 
G.15 " 




saqn; uopouj jo jaquiu^ 


O O 

00 Tj( 


o 

T— 1 


•pasn jepAiod jo pni3 


'Sjpni;^ Gy qjiuig put; 's^pjBZBjj 'g 'o^ 


•saSuij 
-jtJD JO ijoaaji ~ 


•saqoni 




•:)33>i 


»n 


•yai oj ?qii!.i Tno.ij J4.3[q 
qoiqAi-puiAV oqi joa^t'jg 




•spjB.C 
ni ^.loj tao.i} aoui!}si(j 




o 




■spuooas 
ui aznj JO qjSuai 




•UOpBAOig 




■spunod 
ui uaqs joj aijjoqo 


3 ^ 


•spunod 
ui aaaid .loj aS.iuqo 


(M T3 CO TJ 
ft ft 


•aiJloaCoad jo pntji 


shot 

shells 

shells 


Description of pieces and carriages in 

the battery. 

Number of shots fired from each piece 

each day, and during both days. 


^ 


■aSuu 
-aua aSaig '^lojaBj; 
pagi.i .lapunod-og 


O T to 

CO O r-H 


o 


M9 


•a^Eu 
-jtiD aSaig •^^o.i.i'uj 
pagu japunod-08 


O CO r- 

CO C r-l 


o 


^ 


-ivo aSaig ijo-uBk 
pagj.i .iapunod-08 


O ^ t- 

co o ^ 


in 


M 


•aSBU 
-Jt'D aSajs ^jo.uujj 
pagu .lapunod-os 


O CO I- 

fO O r-l 

1-1 .-1 


o 


« 


-JBO aSatg -nojji; j 
pagu .iapunod-08 


o CO 1- 

CO O r-< 


o 
la 

IM 


N 


•aSuu 
-JBO oSaig -sauicf 
papu japunod-fg 


CO CO 

CO rH 


03 
CM 


Days on which the firing 
occurred. 




First day and night. 
Second day. 


"3 
o 

H 



sba 



a. 



a ^ 



a 


<_l 

t-l 


Iz; 


&■ 


>. 


H 








<1 






o 


1-1 






^ 


H 












>, 


1— 1 








(^ 






> 


<1 






<D 


O 






O 


W 






r1 


Ph 


<M 


1—1 a 



&a § 



a 



APPEISTDIJS. . 81 



APPENDIX E. 

REPORT OF LIEUTEXANT T. B. BROOKS, NEW YORK VOLUNTEER EN- 
GINEERS, TO GENERAL GILLMORE. 

Camp of the Volunteer Exgineees, ) 
HiLTox Head, S. 0., May 1«#, 18G2. \ 

General : 

In accordance with your instructions, I liave carefully ex- 
amined, since the bombardment on the 10th and 11th nit., the 
condition of the batteries erected on Tybee Island, Ga., for 
the reduction of Fort Pulaski, and have the honor to respect- 
fully submit the following report on the same, with remarks 
and deductions of ni}^ own, which jovl kindly gave me per- 
mission to add. 

L MORTAR PLATFORMS. 

For plans and dimensions see Plate IV. 

The 13-inch mortar (1861 pattern) platforms used, may be 
described in general, as consisting, (1) of a ilooring of three 
inch pitch pine plank, laid on ground well rammed and lev- 
elled ; (2) on this flooring M'as placed a timber structure varying 
in the different platforms, but similar to the rail platforms 
described and figured page 105 and Plate No. 8 of "Heavy 
Artillery." The chief difference was in the larger timbers 
used in our platforms, and in the fact that the centre sleeper 
or cross piece was always omitted, except in some instances, 
blocks between the rails were used ; also as our platforms 
Avere decked small outside rails or stringers, to support the 
ends of the deck, plank had to be introduced. (3.) On this 
framework a decking of " uniform stuff" furnislied by the ord- 
nance department, or common three-inch plank, was placed 
perpendicular to the line of fire, and fastened down in most 
cases, by side-rails, with four bolts in each. 

Pickets three inches square and three and a half feet long, 
M'ere freely used to stay the platform. 

Plates of iron four and a half feet long, four inches wide 
by one-half inch thick, inches, M'ere fastened on each platform, 
on which the eccentric wheels of the mortar-beds rested. 

How well this plan answered will appear from the following 
facts : 

6 



82 . APPENDIX. 

1. STANTON BATTERY.— (Three IS-racH Mortars.) 

Substructure : i. e., flooring and timbers. The mortar-beds 
standing where they were last fired, were all found level both 
ways ; hence it is interred that the substructure has not changed, 
except, perhaps, to settle uniformly, which could not be pre- 
vented. When the decking is removed, the exact condition 
can be ascertained. 

Decking.- — In each platform one or more planks at the front 
and rear, particularly the former, were raised up and supported 
by sand which had worked in between the decking and rails. 
Sometimes this amounted to three inches. About seven feet in 
length of the centre was level, being held down by the mortar- 
beds. The ends curving up in this manner gave the platforms 
the appearance of having been warped by the sun. 

The wear on the plank from manoeuvring the piece, is 
scarcely appreciable in either platform of this battery. 

The decking of the third or left mortar has slid back bodily 
several inches, pressing the four rear pickets, driven to prevent 
this movement, back and out of plumb. 

2. GRANT BATTERY.— (Three IS-ixch Mortars.) 
Substructure. As in the case of the Stanton, no deviation 

from the level plain can be found in the mortar-bed, hence it 
is inferred the substructure is not injured. 

Decking. — First mortar ; decking much raised up in front, but 
none in rear, has not slid back, plank but little worn. Second 
mortar ; decking curved up in front and rear, has not slid back. 
Third mortar ; decking in same condition as the second. 

3. BURNSIDE BATTERY.— (One 13-inch Mortar.) 

This platform is apparently in as good condition as the day 
it was put down. 

Sergeant J. E. "Wilson, U. S. Engineers, commanded this 
battery during the bombardment. He took care to fire the 
mortar in difierent parts of the platform, thus distributing the 
pressure and wear. The mortar was run forward nearly to the 
front of the platform, and then fired a number of times without 
being run in battery, until the recoil had carried it nearly to 
the rear of the platform, &c. 

4. SHERMAN BATTERY.— (Three 13-inch Mortars.) 
First or right platform. This was the only 13-inch mortar 



APPENDIX. 83 

plutform made entirely of plank (Fig. 1, Plate IV.) It consist- 
ed of a flooring of three-inch plank like the others. On this 
was laid in the direction of the line of Are, instead of timbers, 
six three-inch plank twenty feet long, two being placed under 
each cheek of the mortar. On this was placed, as in the other 
cases, a decking which was fastened down with side rails, hav- 
ing four bolts through each, the whole being well picketed. 

Present condition. The platform is level crosswise, but has set- 
tled down two and a half or three inches in the centre, length- 
wise, presenting a concavity upward, like the pthers already 
described, but from a diiferent cause. Here the longitudinal 
planks have bent, and the platform has settled unequally. 

The second and third mortar platforms of this battery (Fig. 
2, Plate IV.) are in the same condition as the corresponding 
nunibers in the Grant, i. e., decking has slid back and has 
raised up in front and rear. 

It is proper here to observe that in the Sherman and Burnside 
batteries, the platforms rest on a blue clay or mud mixed with 
sand and shells, while in the others tine pure sand only is found. 

5. HALLECK BATTERY.— (Two 13-inch Mortars.) 
Both the platforms at this battery are like the Burnside, 
apparently uninjured. 

6. TOTTEN BATTERY.— (Four IOinch Mortars.) 
These platforms, like the first of the Sherman, were built en- 
tirely of planks, only smaller and somewhat differently arranged 
(see Plate IV., Fig. 5). 

The planks were three inches thick, one foot wide, and ten 
feet long ; four were laid equidistant and perpendicular to the 
line of lire, being ten feet from outside to outside ; these were 
covered with a decking or flooring of eight planks in juxtapo- 
sition, perpendicular to the first. On this the decking of uni- 
form stuff eight feet long was laid, and fastened down as above 
mentioned, by side rails. A plank was set on edge against the 
rear of the platform, its top being level with the top of the 
platform, and held in position by four pickets driven behind.it. 
Effect of the firing. — The two left of these platforms were 
entirely disabled by the first day's firing, and the others were 
much injured. These two were repaired at night, and all were 



84 APPENDIX. 

nearly useless at the time of the surrender of the fort, about 
two o'clock next daj. 

The platforms of this battery were rendered useless — first, 
by being shaken to pieces, more or less, the parts being sepa- 
rated from each other, and held so by sand ; second, unequal 
settlement, by which the platforms were made uneven, and out 
of level ; third, moving backwards, bodily pressing over the 
plank and pickets behind it, set up to prevent this motion ; 
fourth, the deck planks were much worn from manoeuvring the 
pieces with iron-shod handspikes, having square, sharp cor- 
ners. 

The plank platforms of this battery are not so strong as the 
plank platform of the Sherman battery, and are far more 
injured. 

The following summary embraces the most important facts 
relating to the mortar platforms constructed on Tybee Island : 

1. The new pattern (1861) 13-inch mortar, and the 10-inch 
siege mortar, require platforms of about the same strength. If 
any difference, the 10-inch requires the strongest ; or, at least 
that the parts composing it be the best fastened together. 

2. A platform built of plank alone, as above described and 
figured Figs. 1 and 5, Plate IV., will not stand the fire of 10 
or 13-inch mortars. 

3. A " rail platform," decked over and resting on a plank- 
floor, was not in the least injured, except in its decking. 

4. Pickets, three and a half feet long, and well driven, will 
not prevent platforms, or their decking, from moving back- 
ward from the recoil. 

/ 5. That platform from which the mortar was fired in different 
positions, the Burnside, is least injured ; although it was fired 
more than an average number of times. See Legend, Plate II. 

6. Sand worked into, and tended to keep open horizontal 
joints in the platforms, e. g., the front and rear deck plank. 

T. The wear on the deck plank of the 13-inch mortar plat- 
forms, where the eccentrics of the mortar-beds rested and rolled 
on the iron plates, is scarcely appreciable. 

8. Three-inch pitch pine planks, twelve inches wide, make as 
good decking as uniform plank prepared especially by the ord- 
nance department. 

9. The injury to deck planks, from the square sharp corners 



APPENDIX. 85 

of the iron-shod manceuvring handspikes is great, and will soon 
destroy them. 

10. Side rails, well bolted down, the bolts extending into the 
timbers of the substriieture, can only be depended upon to se- 
cure the decking. 

11. It is important that the different parts of a platform be 
well fastened together by lock-joints, pins, and bolts, so as to 
make a unit. 

12. The earth on which the Sherman and Burnside ])latform8 
rest, is a blue clay, or mud, mixed with sand. All the others 
are built'on pure, fine, quartz sand. 

From the above facts I infer, that the essential parts of a 
platform, from which it is intended to fire directly a large mor- 
tar an indefinite number of times, the platform resting on fine 
quartz (beach) sand, are — 

First. A flooring of heavy plank, with an area equal to 130 
square feet, laid perpendicular to the line of fire, level, the earth 
being well rammed. 

Second. A frame work on this, consisting of two rails or string- 
ers, on wdiicli the cheeks of the mortar bed may rest, and two 
cross-pieces, or sleepers, near the ends of the rails, and united 
to them by a lock-joint. (See Plate 21, Heavy Artillery.) The 
under- face of the cross-pieces must be the thickness of the floor- 
ing planks below the under-face of the rails, so that the floor- 
ing plank and the cross-pieces, when the frame is together, may 
rest on the same levelled surface. The rails should be twelve 
inches square, or of dimensions equivalent, and the sleepers or 
cross-pieces two-thirds this size. 

Third. The platform to be well secured by pickets, as shown 
(Heavy Artillery, Plate 21). The earth to be filled in to the 
top of the timbers, and well rammed. These precautions wnll 
prevent lateral motion, but will not entirely prevent the move- 
ment to the rear. 

For direct firing, no decking would be required ; but for 
large mortars, having eccentric wheels on their beds, a broader 
rail than above mentioned, would be necessary. With it, the 
platform would be complete. 

If a plank decking be added, the plank should be at; least 
three inches thick, well seasoned, and carefully laid. Pitch pine 
is excellent material. To support the ends of the decking, two 



S6 APPENDIX. 

additional rails, of four by eight inches, or six by six inches 
stuff, must be placed outside of the large ones, and be locked 
and pinned to the cross-pieces. On the four rails, or stringers, 
the upper surfaces of which are accurately brought to the same 
level plane, the decking plank is laid. To hold the deck plank 
down, and prevent it from sliding back, side rails are used. 

These rails should be made of three by five inch stufi", placed 
over the outside rails below, and fastened to them by bolts of 
half-inch iron, which extend through the side rails, deck plank, 
and well into the rail below. The bolts should be not less than 
ten inches long, and be driven not more than one foot apart. 
Similar bolts should be driven through the front and rear deck 
plank, into each stringer. 

To prevent sand from working in between the stringers and 
the decking, a plank should be set on edge, front and rear, as 
was done in the Totten battery. 

The above-described platform probably possesses considera- 
ble surplus strength ; but this mass, if well fastened together, 
helps greatly to keep the platform level, which is very necessary 
to accurate firing, particularly with inexperienced artillerists. 

MORTAR PLATFORMS DESCRIBED IN "ORDNANCE MANUAL" AND 
"HEAVY ARTILLERY." 

1. A platform for *■' Siege Mortars" is described on page 51, 
" Ordnance Manual," as consisting of — 

" Wood : 6 sleepers, 18 deck planks, 72 dowels." 
" Iron : 12 eye-bolts." 

2. Another, or perhaps the same " Platform for a Mortar," 
is described and figured on page 105 and Plates 8 and 21, 
" Heavy Artillery," thus : 

" The mortar platform is composed of only half the num- 
ber of sleepers and deck planks required for the gun or how- 
itzer platform. It is laid level and the front and rear deck 
planks are connected by eye-bolts to every sleeper." 

3. On pages 105 and 107 and Plate 21, " Heavy Artillery," 
is described : 

" The rail platform for siege mortars, composed of three 
sleepers," laid perpendicular to the line of fire, " and two 
rails for the cheeks of the mortar bed to slide upon instead of 
deck plank" (the timbers being united by lock joints) "is 
very strong and easily constructed and laid," &c., &c., &c. 



APPENDIX. 87 

Dimensions, &c., of the rail platform. 
3 sleepers 60 inches long, ll-i. inches wide, 8i inches thick. 
2 rails 84 " " 10 " " 10 " 

14 stakes 48 " " 3^ " " 3i " " 

It is evident that neither of the first two described plat- 
forms, being made of nniforrn plank, as they are evidently 
intended to be, would have stood the recoil of either style 
of mortar used at Tybee one-half day. 

The rail platform might have stood, but would probably 
have soon become useless from unequal settlement. 

U. GUN PLATFORMS. 

1st. James rifled 64 and 84-pounders (old 32 and 42-pound- 
ers) on barbette carriages. 

McCLELLAN BATTERY. 

Tlie platforms, chassis, and carriages of this battery, seem to 
have been injured very little, if any, by the firing. The last 
shot fired from the battery dismounted the left 84- pounder, on 
account of a defect in the chassis. 

Sand was used freely on the rails of the chassis during all 
the firing, the recoil under these circumstances being three and 
a half or four feet. 

For such direct firing it would probably have been better to 
have given the rails of the chassis a steeper slope than was 
used here, which is the same as is given for a wide field of 
barbette fire, a very different case from ours. Less sand, or 
none, would then have been required, and the guns would 
have been less apt to dismount themselves. 

2id. Parrott's rifled 30-pounders on siege carrriages. 

SIGEL BATTERY. 

These platforms were composed of five sleepers ; the centre 
three, on which the trail and wheels rest, being of four by eight 
inch stuff, and the outside ones of one and a fourth inch plank. 

Dowelled uniform stuff and common three inch planks 
were used for decking. No side rails were used. 

Condition. The planks are slightly worn where the wheels 
and trail of the carriages rested when the gun was fired. Also, 
the joints of two or three planks just under the trail, have 
opened fr©ra one-half inch to one inch. 



88 APPENDIX. 

Tliia could have been partially remedied, by eye-bolts 
through the plank on which the trail rested ; or better, by side 
rails fastened down with bolts, as in the mortar platforms.* 

3d. The 10-incli cohimbiads mounted on wrought-iron car- 
riages and chassis, with one or two exceptions, dismounted 
themselves the first shot fired. 

The recoil seemed to lift up the front of the chassis of the 
pintle-block, and to cause it to slide back bodily, causing the 
traverse wheels to slip off the circles. 

The difficulty seemed to be : 1st. Pintle-blocks intended 
for 42-ponnders were used, the bolts (pintles) of which were 
not large enough to fill the holes in the chassis of the colum- 
biad, no proper columbiad pintle-blocks being at hand. 2d. 
No rear prop to receive part of the shock of the recoil was 
attached to the chassis. 3d. The substructure was formed of 
three heavy timbers, laid in the direction of the line of fire, 
without any cross pieces of any kind under them, to distribute 
the pressure over a wider space, and thus prevent unequal 
settlement.f 4th. The plank on which the iron traverse circle 
was fastened, was of a soft timber; it should have been the 
best oak, and at least four inches thick. 

III. REVETTING. 

Four methods were used at Tybee : 

1. A stake and brush revetting^ made by driving stakes 
eight feet long and three inches in diameter, two feet into the 
ground, stakes being placed one foot apart and sloping three 
on one. This row of stakes was anchored at the top by a 
rail in front, extending into the bank at each end, and well 
fastened by pickets. Behind these stakes, small brush of dif- 
ferent kinds of wood, having leaves on them, was packed, the 
earth of the parapet being built up at the same time. A facine 
was placed on top and picketed. 

This revetting allowed the dry sand to run through, and 
failed chiefly on this account. If mud or clay had been laid 
up with the brush, this plan would probably have worked well 
for four or five feet in height. 

* Side rails would, of course, be unsuitable for siege platforms, except for direct 
firing, as was the case referred to. Q. A. G. 

f This cannot properly be assigned as cause why the pieces were dismounted at 
the first discharge, when the circles and platforms were exactly level. • Q. A. G. 



APPENDIX. 89 

This style of revetting (/. 6., without tlie mud) was used on 
the breast height of the Beach Battery at Hilton Head, young 
pines or pine sprouts being used for filling. 

It did not leak sand, and seemed to answer well. 
; 2. A rough hurdle work like the above in every particular, 
except, in most cases, no anchoring at the top was used, and 
the brush was rudely Avoven between the stakes. 

This plan also allowed the sand to run through, and in 
every instance where no anchoring was used at the top — the 
support depended upon, to hold up the revetting, being the 
hold of the upright stakes in the ground below — the revetting 
failed, by being more or less pushed over. 

3. A sod revetting was used in the Lyon battery, made of 
rough sods — wall one foot thick, six feet high, and sloping 2 on 
1. It was anchored thus : — at every two feet in height, a board 
the length of one side,^ was ])nilt in the wall like a long stretcher. 
To this board strips were nailed, which run back in the bank 
perpendicular to the revetting. Pickets were driven through 
notches in this board, and the anchoring strip into the rev^etting 
and the bank. 

The plan of the revetting (each gun) of this battery, was a 
rectangle, open to the rear, its longest axis being in the line of 
fire. The front corners were rounded off, giving the plan the 
form of a horseshoe. 

4. Fascines put up in the usual manner were used in the Tot- 
ten battery, the fascines being made and anchored with withes. 
It leaked the sand very little, but did not sustain the earth. Part 
of it came down the first day, and the whole was in very bad 
condition at the end of the fight. 

The fascine revetting of the McClellan and Sigel batteries 
stood well, but the earth was of a much more favorable char- 
acter than in any of the others, containing considerable loam, 
and filled with roots. It stood up in the traverse 4 feet high, 
perpendicular, without revetting. 

From the above I believe the following rules should be ob- 
.served in rev^etting under similar circumstances : 

1. All revetting for mortar or gun batteries should have a 
slope of 2 'on 1. 

* The rectangular area excavated for each gun, and opened to the rear, is referred 
to here. Thick traverses were left between the guns. Q. A. G. 



90 APPENDIX. 

2. For sustaining sand, the revetting must be almost water- 
tight. 

3. Anchoring at the top is absolutely necessary, to secure 
revetting, whatever be the material. 

4. Anchoring pickets for fascines must be driven at least as 
far back into the bank, as the fascine is above the foot of the 
revetting, and the same rule observed in anchoring any revetting. 

5. Tarred rope or wire should be used in this region, to make 
and anchor fascines. 

6. Of the materials used, sod was found best, fascine properly 
anchored would be next, and the stake and brush put up with 
mud, last. 

IV. SLOPE OF SAND ABOUT THE BATTEPJES 
AFTER THE BOMBARDMENT. 

The angle of slope of the parapets, traverses, sides of maga- 
zines, &c., was measured with a clineometer at 10 points, with 
the following results : 

30° -f 36° + 32° + 31° + 34° + 36° + 33° -f 32^° + 31° 
4- 311° = 327°. — 327° divided by 10 gives 32° 42' or about 
33° as the mean ; equivalent to a slope of ly^\ base to 1/oV 
perpendicular, or about 1^ to 1, This may be assumed to be 
the least slope that fine dry quartz sand will take, under the 
influence of heavy firing. 

If this slope be terminated by a berm 1 foot wide, where it 
rests on revetting, no trouble will be experienced from running 
sand. 

V. EMBRASURES. 

Th" following facts were observed : — 
LINCOLN BATTERY. 

Three 8-inch columbiads, in casemates of timber covered with 
earth. The cheeks had all tumbled down. They were sod walls 
1 foot thick ; slope 5 on 1, fastened by pickets 3^ feet long, 
driven diagonally into the bank. The elevation of each cheek 
was a triangle, base about 12 feet, and perpendicular 8 feet. 

They fell down from simple pressure of the san4, made to 
act by the concussion of the pieces. But little moving effect 
was produced in the sand by the blast of the guns, which were 
fired at a very high angle of elevation. 



APPENDIX. 91 

SCOTT BATTERY, 

The two left guns, one 8-ineli and one 10-incli coluinbiad, 
only, were fired at this battery. Elevation smaU. 

Here the movin'g effect of the blast of the piece was very 
marked. At about 12 m. on Friday, being the second day of 
the bombardment, a hole had been excavated in the sole of each 
embrasure, about 2i feet deep, below the axis of the piece in 
its centre, and extending 5 feet from the muzzle of the guns. 

To repair this, twenty-five or thirty sand bags were put in 
each, and covered up with sand. 

In two hours after, when the firing had ceased, this sand was 
found blown off, and some of the bags considerably burned. 

The fascines with which the cheeks of the embrasures were 
revetted were not burned, but were undermined and much in- 
jured. 

SIGEL BATfERT, 

1 24-p'dr. James, 5 30-p'dr. Parrctt. Mnhrasv/res. Throat 
1 foot 8 inches wide, 3 feet high, and splay 25°. Revetting of 
fascines. No covering to soles. 

The blast of the pieces moved the earth of the sole but very 
little, and produced no effect whatever two feet from the muz- 
zle of the pieces. The sand was blown away from the fascines 
forming the cheeks, and they were much blackened, but not 
burned or charred, and but little injured. 

McCLELLAN BATTERY. 

2 42 and 2 32-p'dr. James. Einhrasures. Throat two feet 
wide and three feet high. Revetting of fascines. No covering 
to soles. 

Blast of pieces took effect 2| feet from muzzle, blowing away 
the earth for 9 inches deep, and injuring the revetting on the 
sides. These embrasures were rebuilt the first night, and must 
have been the next, had the firing continued. 

Part of the fascines taken out at night, after the first day's firing, 
were found to be so much burned as to be unfit for use. 

Capt. Rogers, 7th Connecticut Volunteers, who commanded 
the battery, thinks this burning was on account of the fascines 
being set on fire by cartridge bags, and not by the direct cou- 
tact of the blast. 



92, 



APPEI^DIX. 



SUMMARY. * 



1. The effects of the blast of the columbiads is great, and Is 
to be guarded against by covering the sole of the embrasure 
with some substantial material. Rifled thirty-two and forty-two 
pounders (James' sixty and eighty-pounders), are next in their 
effects, and should also be covered. With Parrott's it is very 
little. 

2. With increase of elevation in the piece, the effect of the 
blast is rapidly diminished. 

3. For making fascines or gabions to be used about embra- 
sures, s II. 11 brush or twigs should not be used ; leaves should 
be carefully removed, and wire only used in making and an- 
choring them. 

4. The effect of the blast of the largest guns does not extend 
more than five and a half feet from the muzzle. 

5. F(jr direct firing, embrasures having a splay of 25°, or even 
less, can be used. 

. 6. The blast of either guns or mortars has very little power 
to burn from direct contact. 

I think that the best revetting for embrasures would be gabi- 
ons filled with sand-bags, the sole being covered with fascines. 
(2.) Fascines well made, and placed with sand-bags piled up 
behind them, would answer well. (3.) Palmetto logs, cut five 
feet long, set in juxtaposition on end, two feet in the ground, 
the sole being covered with short cross-pieces of the same, the 
ends fitting shallow notches in the uprights. 

VI. MAGAZINES. 

The timber used for the frames, was four by eight inch scant- 
ling. The bents (frames) were usually eight feet wide, and five 
or three feet high, resting on mudsills of the same stuff, one un- 

* In judging of the effects of the blast upon the embrasures constructed agamst 
Fort Pulaski, it must be remembered that they had a splay of but twenty -five de- 
grees, that the cheeks were somewhat steeper than generally prescribed, and that 
the soles were approximately horizontal ; also that the columbiads were fired at an 
elevation of four and a half to five degrees — the 10-inch, with twenty pounds, and 
the 8 -inch with ten pounds of powder; the SO-jaounder and 60-pounder, James, 
with charges of eight pounds and six pouuds, respectively, at four and a half de- 
grees elevation ; the 45-pounder. James, with five pounds, at four degrees eleva- 
tion, and the 30-pounder Parrott, with three and a quarter pounds ,at four degrees 
elevation. Q. A. G. 



AEPENDIX. 



93 



der each post. The bents were placed three feet apart horizon- 
tally, and were framed at the corners. (Fig. 1.) 

^rK. The sheathing and floorijig were made of 0113 

-^ and a qmirter inch plank ; two thicknesses be- 

Ping nsed on the top and one elsewhere. On this 
shell, seven feet of earth was placed, its sides 
Fig. 1. sloping one on one and a half. 

Entrances, with one and two doorways, were nsed, all so 
placed that if a shell bnrst ontside, its fragments, moving in 
straight lines, could not reach the interior. Adjoining the 
magazine, tlie entrance was made five feet wide, to be nsed as a 
filling room for cartridges, and was arranged with shelves for 
cartridge bags. 

The frames above described were not found strong enongh, 
giving indications that they would fail by the breakage of the 
beams supporting the roof, and by the splitting of the shoul- 
ders of the posts on which the cross-timbers rested. Both diffi- 
culties were, in part, remedied, by placing an upright post in 
the centre of each bent, reducing the bearing of the cross-pieces 
suppin'ting the roof to four feet, and relieving the vertical pres- 
sure on the side posts. 

With this addition, none of the magazines failed, but there 
was evidently not surplus strength enough. 

I think, had the bents, made of four by eight inch scantling, 
been placed two feet apart, instead of three, the centre post 
being retained, and a centre mudsill added to support the cen- 
tre post (Fig. 2), and the proper mining joint (Fig. 3) substituted 



□ 



VfV 



5 



< 



"TJ 

Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. 

for the very defective one used (Fig. 4), no risk would have been 
run from the simple weight of the earth. 

What effect a heavy mortar shell falling on such a structure, 
might have, was not experienced at Tybee. 

The same difficulty was experienced in the magazines as in 
all structures where fine dry sand is exposed to the wind, it 



94 APPENDIX. 

blew oflF very rapidly, thus not only diminishing the cover on 
the magazine, but filling up the covered ways, &c., &c. No 
permanency can be obtained except by sodding, or spreading 
over the surface a heavy coating of manure, which will cause 
grass and grain to grow. 

VIL SPLINTER PROOFS. 

Splinter proofs, in which the men forming the reliefs off duty 
might repose in comparative safety from the effects of shot and 
shell fired from guns, were built of pine logs, mud, and sand. 
Posts, four and a half feet long, were set in the ground, three 
feet apart, and of such slope as to be perpendicular to the raft- 
ers. On the top of these posts a longitudinal cap or plate was 
spiked. The rear revetting, about one foot high, was sustained 
by strong pickets, driven in the ground two feet, and standing 
two feet apart. It will be observed that the length of all the 
timbei's used, and m.ost of the dimensions of the splinter proof, 
are multiples of one and a half feet; the pickets being three 
feet, posts four and a half, and other pieces nine or eighteen 
feet. This fact simplified the cutting, hauling, and distribution 
of the timber greatly, part of which had to be done in the 
night. Only one kind of timber was got out in the woods, i. e., 
pine trees, of from five to ten inches in diameter, cut into 
lengths of nine or eighteen feet, chiefly nine feet. It would 
have been better to have cut them off with a cross-cut saw. 
This stuff was delivered on the ground, at the rate of two nine 
feet pieces to the lineal foot to be built. 

For posts it was cut once in two in the centre. For pickets, 
into three equal lengths, each of which made two or three strong 
pickets. 

The rafters were laid in juxtaposition, the most prominent 
inequalities being hewn off to make better joints. Mud was 
plastered over the cracks, which made them completely sand- 
tight. Over this roof of timber three feet or more of sand was 
piled. 

The longitudinal stick on top at the front edge of the rafters, 
to prevent the sand from running down in front, might advan- 
tageously be replaced by fascines or sand-bags. 

Cross-traverses, of a double thickness of this uniform pine 
stuff, were placed at equal distances along one of the splinter 



APPENDIX. 95 

proofs, intended to intercept fragments of shell, should one from 
a mortar fall throu<yli the roof and explode in one of the com- 
partments. These would also serve to divide the space equita- 
bly among the occupants or reliefs. 

One day's work of a soldier was found equal to covering an 
area of four square feet, including all the labor. 

Hence to make two lineal feet, giving twelve square feet, 
which is sufficient for one man to lay down in -with his arms, 
would require three days' work. 

If the ditch in front be dug somewhat deeper than the floor 
of the interior, an excellent covered way is formed. 

These structures should evidently be erected so high that the 
floors may be dry at all times, and should be placed out of the 
line of tire of the enemy's batteries ; hence midway between our 
own batteries would be the safest place, if the batteries are 
near together, as at Goat's Point, Tybee Island. For cross-sec- 
tion of splinter-proof shelter, see Plate III. 

I am, with great respect, your most obedient servant, 

T. B. Bkooks, 
1st Lieut. N. Y. Vol. Eng'rs. 

To Brig.-Gen. Q. A. Gili.more, 
Oominanding on Tyhee and Cockspur Islands^ Ga. 



\ 



APPEN'DIX F. 
EIFLE PROJECTILES. 

Among the many kinds of rifle-projectiles called into notice 
and use by the recent wants of our service, are Parrott's, Schen- 
kle's, Ilotchkiss', James', and Sawyer's. 

ParrotCs.'^ — Parrott's projectile is composed of 
a cast-iron body {a) and a brass ring (?>), cast into a 
rabate at the base of the body (see Fig. A). 

The gas insinuates itself under the ring, forc- 
ing it into the rifles of the bore. In the smaller 
projectiles it is necessary to open the ring slightly 
for the entrance of the gas. Some of the projec- 
tiles used in Parrott's guns have a wrought-iron 
expanding cup attached to the base, constituting a 
modification of the Reed projectile. 
°" * * From Benton's Ordnance and Gunnery. 




96 



APPENDIX. 



Schenkli 



e s. 




Fig. B. 



Fis?. C. 



The iron cups do not p')ssess any advantage over the brass 
rinff, 

— Schenkle's projectile is shown in Fig. B. It is 
composed of a cast-iron body (a), the posterior 
portion of vidiich terminates in a cone. The ex- 
panding portion is ^ ])apier-macheyi2i^ (h), which 
being foi-ced forward on to the cone, is expanded 
into the rifling of the bore. On issuing from 
tlie bore the wad is blown to pieces, leaving the 
projectile entirely unincumbered in its light 
through the air. 

HotchMss' . — Hotchkiss' projectile is composed 
of three parts, the body («), the expanding ring 
of soft metal (/>), and the cap (c), Fig. C; The ac- 
tion of the charge is to crowd the cap against 
the soft metal, thereby expanding it into the 
rifling of the bore. 

Sawyer's. — rSawyer's projectile has six rectangu- 
lar flanges corresponding to the grooves of the 
l)ore, and therefore belongs to tlic flanged class. 
To soften the contact of the projectile with the 
surface of the bore, the entire surface of the pro- 
jectile is covered with a soft metal coating cast 
on. The soft metal at the bottom is made thicker 
than at the sides, to admit of being expanded 
into the grooves, thereby closing the windage. 

James\ — The expanding part of James' pro- 
jectile consists of a hollow (c), Fig..E, formed in 
the base of the projectiles ; and eight openings 
(J), which extend from this hollow to the suiface, 
for the passage of the gas, which presses against 
and expands into the bore, an envelope or patch 
composed of paper, canvas, and lead, a repre- 
sents the body of the projectile, which, in this 
case, is a solid shot, and d is a partition be- 
tween two of the openings. 





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